Temporal and Spatial Variability of Global Upper Ocean Freshwater Content (MAOPS)- Lupine Publishers

Temporal and Spatial Variability of Global Upper Ocean Freshwater Content by Peter C Chu in MAOPS- Lupine Publishers

Observational salinity data from the Global Temperature and Salinity Profile Program (GTSPP) are used to identify temporal and spatial variability of the upper ocean freshwater content (FWC). First, the optimal spectral decomposition (OSD) is used to build up monthly synoptic temperature and salinity data set from January 1990 to December 2009 on 1o×1o grids and the same 33 vertical levels as the World Ocean Atlas 2005. Then, the monthly varying upper layer FWC fields (F) with four different layer thicknesses (surface to 50, 100, 300, and 700 m depths) are obtained. Second, a composite analysis is conducted to obtain the totaltime mean FWC field ( F ) and the mean annual FWC variability ( F ), which is found an order of magnitude smaller than F . Third, an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) method is conducted on the residue data ( ˆF ), deviating from F + F , in order to obtain non-annual variability of the FWC fields. The first two EOF modes account for 63.6-76.4% and 6.7-6.8% of the variance for the four layer thicknesses, representing near-global scale (EOF-1, dominant mode) and northern-southern alternative (EOF-2, minor mode) freshening/salinization events. The near-global scale freshening/salinization has a decadal trend from salinization before 2002 to freshening after 2002. The northern-southern alternative freshening/salinization does not have evident trend.

http://www.lupinepublishers.com/ocean-journal/fulltext/temporal-and-spatial-variability-of-global-upper-ocean-freshwater-content.ID.000123.php

http://www.lupinepublishers.com/ocean-journal/pdf/MAOPS.MS.ID.000123.pdf

Shale Oil & Gas as an Alternative Source of Energy Management Strategy in Modern Industrial Development (MAOPS)- Lupine Publishers

Shale Oil & Gas as an Alternative Source of Energy Management Strategy in Modern Industrial Development by M Vijay Prabhu in MAOPS- Lupine Publishers

Shale oil & gas is rapidly emerging as a significant and relatively low cost new unconventional resource in the world. There is potential for shale oil & gas production to spread globally over the next couple of decades. If it does, it would revolutionise global energy markets, providing greater long term energy security at lower cost for many countries. It is analysed that global shale oil & gas production has the potential to reach up to 14 million barrels of oil per day by 2035, this amounts to 12% of the world’s total oil supply. It is estimated that this increase could reduce oil prices in 2035 by around 25%-40% relative to the current baseline EIA projection of $133/barrel in 2035, which assumes low levels of shale oil & gas production. In turn, it could increase the level of global GDP in 2035 by around 2.3%- 3.7%. However, the benefits of such oil & gas price reductions will vary significantly by country. Large net oil importers such as India and Japan might see their GDP boosted by around 4%-7% by 2035, while the.com, China, the Euro zone and the UK might gain by 2%-5% of GDP. Conversely, major oil exporters such as Russia and the Middle East could see a significant worsening of their trade balances by around 4%-10% of GDP in the long run if they fail to develop their own shale oil resources.

https://www.lupinepublishers.com/ocean-journal/fulltext/shale-oil-gas-as-an-alternative-source-of-energy-management-strategy-in-modern-industrial-development.ID.000118.php

https://www.lupinepublishers.com/ocean-journal/pdf/MAOPS.MS.ID.000118.pdf

Controls on the Prevalent Occurrence of Cretaceous Oil Sands (MAOPS)-Lupine Publishers

Controls on the Prevalent Occurrence of Cretaceous Oil Sands by Timothy Bata (MAOPS)-Lupine Publishers

The widespread occurrence of Cretaceous oil sands can be attributed to various geological processes, most of which can be linked to the warm climatic conditions that prevailed globally at that time. The extreme global warmth witnessed during the Cetaceous caused a rise in global sea level, which resulted in flooding of most continental margins, depositing transgressive sands at shallow depths directly on the Precambrian basement, or much older sedimentary strata. Another important geological factor that contributed to the widespread occurrence of the Cretaceous oil sands was the availability of viable petroleum source rocks that generated oils at the time of, or shortly after, the Cretaceous oil sands were deposited. Oils migrated into the shallow Cretaceous reservoir sands through the plane of unconformity underlying them. The warm climatic conditions witnessed in the Cretaceous also implied that the reservoir had conditions that were favourable for optimum microbial activities.

https://www.lupinepublishers.com/ocean-journal/fulltext/MAOPS.MS.ID.000114.php

https://www.lupinepublishers.com/ocean-journal/pdf/MAOPS.MS.ID.000114.pdf

Long Term Winter Season 2017/2018 Northern Hemisophere and Their Impact over Indonesia Maritime Continent Area (MAOPS)-Lupine Publishers

Long Term Winter Season 2017/2018 Northern Hemisophere and Their Impact over Indonesia Maritime Continent Area  by Paulus Agus Winarso in (MAOPS)-Lupine Publishers

The winter season 2017/2018 could be one of the unusual condition with increasing the winter storm activities over Northern Hemisphere to affect aerodrome closed for certain airports in big city of the United States of America and Canada in Northern America Continent, it could be over European Countries and North Asian Continent. The freezing water Niagara for the first time during last 50 years could be additional condition from coolest than normal and it might longer than usual based upon public information and collecting the global climatic chart from National Climate Centers under coordination from the World Meteorological Organization. If the condition winter season 2017/2018 compared with previous condition especially in the 17 years or it could be more than that period, the winter season 2017/2018 could be worst condition and situation especially with winter storm occurrences over most northern hemisphere. Reversal condition over southern hemisphere with summer season with few day occurrences of the heat wave over Australia continent last January 2018. To assess the weather and climatic over the earth’s surface that weather and climate development came from uneven solar radiation (solar activities) received by the earth’s surface, it meant that solar radiation could consider as the main subject to asses/study the global circulation over lower atmosphere of the earth. Where we could consider solar radiation to have closed relation with solar activities in term of the sunspot and solar flare to investigate how much solar radiation/ energy emits from the center of the solar system.

https://www.lupinepublishers.com/maops/fulltext/MAOPS.MS.ID.000109.php

https://www.lupinepublishers.com/maops/pdf/MAOPS.MS.ID.000109.pdf

Untold story of Deccan Traps: Role of silicate Liquid Immiscibility (MAOPS)-Lupine Publishers

Untold story of Deccan Traps: Role of silicate Liquid Immiscibility by Jyotisankar Ray in MAOPS-Lupine Publishers

Role of liquid immiscibility has immense importance in petro genesis of basaltic magmas. Roedder, Weiblen. Postulated that high silica and high iron glasses of the lunar basaltic rocks have widespread petro genetic significance. In lunar basalts, generally, the globules of dark brown glass appear to have composition equivalent to Pyroxene + Iron ore. On the contrary, it is significant that Washington initially recognized that the residual glass in the Deccan Trap basalts should be composition corresponding to a mixture of augite and magnetite. The role of liquid immiscibility in basaltic magmas had been graphically depicted by Roedder in terms of SiO2-(FeO+MgO+CaO)-(K2O+Na2O+Al2O3) diagram; characteristically the liquid immiscibility field in Roedder's ternary plot assumes an elongated elliptical geometry relatively away from SiO2-rich corner. The compositions of terrestrial basalts like Deccan Trap Palisade diabase sill  etc. fall close to the demarcated liquid immiscibility field of Roedder. The samples of lunar basalt obtained from Apollo 11 and 12 expeditions were also plotted in the ternary plot proposed by Roedder.

https://www.lupinepublishers.com/maops/pdf/MAOPS.MS.ID.000105.pdf

https://www.lupinepublishers.com/maops/fulltext/MAOPS.MS.ID.000105.php