Lupine Publishers | Review of the Effect of Climatic Conditions to the Development of Erosion Process in Soils of Azerbaijan

Lupine Publishers- Environmental and Soil Science Journal

Abstract

The Researchers proved that the process of soil erosion is also closely linked to climatic conditions of the region. Therefore, depending on the climatic conditions of the erosive processes are different in both forms of its manifestation, and the quantitative indicators of development. For example, in the north-eastern part of the Greater Caucasus Highlands powerful deposition of snow cover, high intensity of spring melting of snow and summer rain water rainfalls the calling intensive lavages and size of its development areas. But here, against a backdrop of high air temperatures during the growing season, pronounced wind regime and extremely low relative humidity of the air is wind erosion. Climate also affects the surface configuration. Humid areas where vegetation cover protects the soil from severe manifestations of water and wind erosion, characterized by soft, rounded slopes.

Introduction

Soil erosion is an ongoing process, which consists in moving soil mass from one place to another, under the influence of water, wind and gravity [1]. Among the numerous classifications, organize my erosive phenomenon, the most important is the separation of erosion: natural (caused by forces of nature) and accelerated (caused by human activities). Erosion processes caused by forces of nature (wind, water and gravity erosion), the largest scale in a glacial period when the vegetation was negligible. The emergence of higher (herbaceous and woody) plants heavily restricted and even helped to overcome the action of erosion processes, accelerate soil formation processes and soil formation [1,3]. Human activities (agriculture (agronomy) erosion) is the main factor which contributes to development and an increase in the intensity of erosion processes, collapsing the Earth’s mainland surface, which led to the significant in terms of size, soil degradation, reducing, and even destruction of its productive capacity, compared with natural conditions [2].

Figure 1: Map of erosion risk soils of Azerbaijan.

Progress in the Study and Discussion of Materials

(Economic), from a practical point of view stands out-a potential erosion described as erosion risk and actual (current) erosion, described as erosive damage in mostly size floating soil masses (in mm thickness or t/ha or km2). Along with that, in areas with dry climates where the water flows very fast and where the wind taking sand particles and working them as cutter, erases the surface and sweeps weathering products typical of sharply defined overskirt. When examining the erosion problem is extremely important to identify leading factors and establish their relevance to the erosive process. Such determinant nature of erosion is primarily precipitation, then wind regime [3]. Development intensity of erosion processes is defined not only in terms of average annual precipitation in the area, but also to a large extent, their intensity. If most of the annual rainfall mean weak or moderate falling rain, moisture is absorbed into the soil without runoff and erosion, favorable conditions for snow water absorption of small runoff and erosion of underdevelopment is created and, if large part of rainfall on soil nonfreezing or motion enough snow limits the freezing it [2,5]. With little snow cover and the same deep frost heave soil warm spring rains can cause increased melting of snow, strong stock and sharply expressed by erosion. Of equal importance is the distribution of rainfall in time. Particularly unfavorable for erosion control is a long, albeit moderate intensity falling rain and extremely intense intermittent showers. The first type of falling rain soil, sated after some time in the future moisture absorbs it very slowly, with the result that the run off and surface erosion are amplified When intense. showers water enters the soil surface so fast that even structural, drained soil doesn’t absorb increases it, resulting in the formation of enhanced runoff and erosion. Especially destructive processes of storm runoff and washing, where vegetation, slopes, even from much permeability of soils do not protect [2,3]. Pounding raindrops in this case crush soil (semi arid and arid regions) aggregates and form on the soil surface rather ton, razzhizhennuju mud, which clogs the pores of the infiltration process and drastically weakens the absorption of moisture. This in turn reinforces the excessively drain and erosion even on light soils.

On the surface of the chilled soil flushing processes are absent. But the freezing and thawing of the soil the timephased cause slipping its particles and even washed away down the slope.These processes of sliding and soil flushing occur particularly intensively in cases where spring temperatures accompanied by warm rains. Rains causing it to thawing the soil, often wash off all its surface layer.The erosion caused by rain and heavy waters, exposure conditions affected to a much lesser extent. The wind is also a very important and active agent of erosion, which is widely published in the form of wind erosion, exclusively inherent in semi-arid and arid regions, although only to the extent that this factor is the most dramatic [3,5]. In essence, the same uncoated soil surface depends to a greater or lesser degree on the distorting effect of wind flowing all over the world, even in wet areas. Under the influence of a blatant and smoothening (winding) wind vortex, the soil particles rise into the air and larger moving rolling elements either in jumps and boundaries and precipitate to form deposits in the form of spit, ridges or dunes, the risk of wind erosion especially increases the dryness of the weather in spring [2,6].

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Haiwan (Malay Version)

Lupine Publishers- Environmental and Soil Science Journal

Opinion

Translated by Fuzaini Sahar, through this book young children will be able to find out about the amazing world of stars. This book is one of the titles in the series of Young Science. Through careful research and interesting pictures, the series provides a start for children to discover and learn besides being the first encyclopedia for children. For every child, the world is full of new discoveries and knowledge. It is therefore important to have a knowledge book that allows even young children to discover and collect their own knowledge. Nature Science introduces a variety of children’s acceptable topics. Each book in this series is produced by expert writers in addition to the help of educational advisors and experienced teachers so that all the information presented is simple and effective. Each book is complete and if collected, it can become a very important encyclopedia for students in the early years of schooling. Almost every page in this book has an interesting illustration. This book is written exclusively to stimulate children to find their own facts, thus opening the door to a world of fun knowledge. Wherever we are, there are always animals around us, whether a fly crawls on the leaves of the window, the spider builds its nest in the garden or the tiger who is watching its prey on the television. If readers like authors, readers would like to know what these animals are doing, how and why they do it. In this book the author introduces the main groups of animals and interesting facts about animals with the help of diagrams. The author has included a series of different types of animals that live in different world regions, the way of life and the nature of the animal. In accordance with the title, this book is about various types of animals. This is the starting point for recognizing the exciting animal world. There are different types of animals. Scientists divide animals into groups, tortoises are a kind of reptile, stickleback is a kind of fish, cricket is a kind of dengue, mice are a type of mammals, frogs are an amphibian and peacock are a kind of bird. All animals of the same group have the same properties. There are over a million kinds of animals. Each one is of different species. Scientists divide these species into two main groups. Animals with vertebrates are called vertebrates. While animals without vertebrae are called invertebrates. The main group is divided into small groups. Readers will find out about these groups in this book. There are extinct species of animals that are extinct because their shelter and food sources have been destroyed when humans cut down on forests, dried up marshes or polluting rivers and oceans.

Many animals whose size is too small to require a microscope to see it. Hundreds of these animals can fit into one pin head. Many microscopic animals live in water. This delicate paramesium does not look like an animal, but it moves and eats like other animals. These mesiens move in the water by sweeping the line of fine feathers. He also uses these feathers to put food into his mouth. All mammals also breastfeed their children. Mammals also have fur in the body. Some have thick fur to warm up during winter. Most mammals live on land and move on four feet. Some mammals hunt for other animals as food. The meat eaters are called carnivores. Others are herbivores and eat only herbs. Mammals can hear, see, and smell objects around them. Some mammals use fingers and nails to hold something. Some mammals live in large groups called groups.

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Lupine Publishers| Some Aspects of Red Special Wines

Lupine Publishers- Environmental and Soil Science

Abstract

Due to increasing environmental radionuclide background, the scientists and specialists constantly face the problem of developing technologies for producing plant-based, therapeutic-purpose foods and food supplements enriched with biologically active substances, which are characterized by high immunomodulating, radioprotective and antioxidant activity. From such therapeutic-purpose foods and food supplements, of particular importance are the beverages because their improved composition, sensory and liquid consistency provide high availability and increased therapeutic capacity.

Introduction

Natural and special wines form the great part of the export potential of Georgia. The fact that according to figures on exports of wine and alcoholic beverages only for the first nine months of 2017, Georgia exported 52.7 million bottles (0,75 l) of wine. According to the National Wine Agency, wine exports have grown up on 63% in comparison with corresponding period last year [1,2]. It is also noteworthy that since the 80s of the last centuries, poor-quality and expensive sprays and brought to our country have caused significant damage to the indigenous and alien grape varieties. Georgian farmers were forced to switch partly to growing of nontreated and hybrid grape varieties, because they do not require expensive and imported from outside sprays, and besides, hybrids and clones are easy to grow, and different types of fungi and other diseases are no big deal for them. Today, wineries cannot apply even industrial varieties of colored grapes such as Aladasturi, Dzelshavi, Mgaloblishvili and Black Pinoa [3,4].

In view of the foregoing, it reasonable and relevant to develop the innovative technologies for producing natural and special wines from common to western Georgia Therefore reasonable and relevant to western Georgia-known less marketable local raw materials of colored grape industrial varieties and nontreated grape clones enriched with from biologically active substance enriched with innovative technology of special wines, which are characterized by high sensor, radioprotective and antioxidant activity therapeutic properties for preventing food-borne diseases [5-7]. The goal of the work is to develop special wine technology enriched with biologically active substances from the grape raw materials of grape varieties cultivated in the Imereti Viticulture and Winemaking Area, which is characterized by improved sensory indicators and increased therapeutic and preventive capacity. In addition, in this special wine technology, for the first time in Georgia, there will be used raw materials of the nontreated colored Zeibeli grape variety cultivated in the Baghdati Viticulture and Winemaking micro-zone, rosehip and grape-seed alcohol-wine extracts and small quantity of white honey for the purpose of increasing the flowers tonality.

Objectives and Methods

Object of Study

Raw materials of “Otskhanuri Sapere” grape variety from the Imereti Viticulture-Winemaking subzone, particularly from the Zestafoni district’s village of Sviri and the Bagdati district’s village of Obcha; raw materials of “Aladasturi” grape variety from the Middle and Lower Imereti Viticulture-Winemaking subzone, particularly from the Bagdati district’s village of Rokhi and the Vani district’s villages of Pereti and Kumuri, from the Patele Area’s vineyards; raw materials of “Zeibeli 5455” (“Zeimberi”) grape variety from the Lipnari vineyards; vacuum-must; grape-seed extract; wildgrowing dog-rose from the Zekari and Sairme valleys and extracts and concentrates obtained from their skins and fleshes; lime-tree flower honey from the Zekari and Sairme valleys; rectified ethyl alcohol [8].

Research Methods

When determining the physical-chemical indicators of grape raw materials, wine materials and finished special wine, we used the standard, universally accepted and modified organoleptic and physical-chemical methods, including chromato-massspectrometry, high-performance liquid and gas chromatography, spectrophotometry and fluorometry

Results and Analysis

To implement this goal, the following objectives should be attained [9-14]:

a. To study the mechanical composition of selected raw materials;

b. To provide uvological evaluation of raw materials;

c. To study the chemical composition and sensory characteristics of raw materials;

i). To justify theoretically and experimentally the optimal composition of grapes raw material required for special wine

ii). To develop rational technology of colored grape raw materials processing, alcoholic fermentation and ageing;

iii). To study the influence of thermal conditioning regimes of the seeds and skins on the extraction of phenolic and dye compounds;

iv). To develop the optimal technological regimes and approaches for the production of ingredients required for special wine: semi-fermented wine, condensed grape vacuum-must, and grape-seed and dog-rose extracts;

v). To provide quantitative and qualitative evaluation of biologically active substances of special wine;

vi). To develop technological schemes for producing ingredients of special wine;

vii). To develop technological schemes for special wine production;

viii). To assess sensory characteristics and antioxidant activity of special wine.

ix). At the initial stage we studied and evaluated the mechanical, physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of the selected grape raw materials.

The grapes are the main raw material for wine production, and we have identified the mechanical composition of the bunch in compliance with the requirements suggested by Prostoserdov. (Table 1) We have carried out studies and evaluation of the chemical composition and variety flavor of selected grape raw materials (Table 2). Studies show that the value of sugar-acid ratio affects numerous characteristics of wine, in particular the higher is this ratio, the better is the quality of special wine. Along with the selection of high-quality raw materials in the production of red special wines, the fermenting and fermentation processes have the main function in the formation of a sensory bunch [15,16].

Table 1: The uvological characteristics of grape varieties from Imereti.

Table 2: Physical-chemical characteristics of the selected grape raw materials.

The List of the Proposed Innovations is as Follows:

I. Adding of pectolytic (with activity 2000-2200 unit/g) enzyme (Rapides CR) to the seeds and skins during the process of pressing in a grape stalk separator, increases the yield of the must by 5-7% and the content of biologically active substances for 1-2 ml/100 kg.

II. Adding of potassium metabisulfite within 54-63 mg/dm3 significantly increases extraction of anthocyanins, increases to 1.2 - 4.3 g/dm3 the reduced extract and the content of dyes, contributes to purification, the growth in terpenic compounds by 2,1-2,7%, and the growth in a stable fraction of a phenolic complex (within 20-25%) in wine.

III. We added 1-2% of Aspergillus fungus of the dry active yeast in a grape stalk separator (C-R-9001 or C-RB-9001- fungus works at the temperature of 12 - 280C, pH=3.0-5.4 and increases alcohol content up to 24%, and significantly increases the content of terpens and esters in wine).

IV. Adding of the condensed concentrate with the content of dry substances up to 54-63 % through the dog-rose lyophilic drying to the seeds and skins within 50-75 mg/dm3, in the presence of or cadifite (40-70 mg/dm3) either SO2 (90±10 mg/ dm3) increases by 1.5-1.8 the development of variety flavor in a special wine.

V. During the fermentation of the seeds and skins, we raised the sugar content up to 27% by adding the vacuum-must and honey, due to which terpenic compounds were increased by 0.7-1.2 %, and esters by 24-27%.

VI. We have established that after tye 6-day extractionfermentation at a temperature of 270C, the seeds and skins are subject to heat treatment at a temperature of 540C, and hot pressing, which significantly increases separation of phenolic and dye compounds.

VII. Adding of the grape-seed and dog-rose concentrates and heat-treated grape-seed (5 g/dal) and oak shavings (5 g/dal) significantly improves the rancio tones and sensory bunch.

VIII. In 16-18 months, adding of dry dog-rose pulp and peel (20 g/ dal) increases the flavor-forming complexes.

IX. Adding of the grape-seed and dog-rose concentrates and heat-treated grape-seed during the ageing process, under conditions of periodic pasteurization and stirring within 2-3 months, increases the total amount of phenols by 0.3 - 0.4 g/ dm3, and improves the rancio tones and sensory bunch.

X. Prohibition of using gelatin and bentonite clays, because for processing wine materials, bentonite clays reduced the anthocyanins by 27-36% on 2-3 kg/t, while the use of gelatin reduced the compounds of phenolic compounds by 6-9% on 2-3 g /t.

XI. Creating a new technology by using new varieties and honey flower tones.

XII. We have studied the impact of the temperature of the fermentation of the seeds and skins on the extraction process anthocyanins from the skins in the fermenting mass. Studies were carried out at four temperature intervals 34-360C, 27- 300C, 21-250C and 16-180C.

Table 3: Physical and chemical characteistics of pomace fermentation.

Table 4: Special wine characteristics after the 18-month ageing.

Table 3 shows the main fermentation temperature, the duration of maximum extraction of anthocyanins and the density of the fermented mass. Table 4 contains the physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of the special wine after the 18-month aging. In all five samples, the content of raw materials of Zeibeli grape variety varied between 10-20%, while the amount of raw materials Aladasturi and Otskhanuri Sapere grape varieties - between 20- 50%. Aladasturi and Otskhanuri Sapere grape varieties were blended in the proportion 36:48:16 (percentage ratio). As shown from the table, the wine produced has a high sensitivity rate (9,7 cents), which is the result of the composite effects of the selected raw materials of the selected raw materials, the use of ingredients and the technological processes of individual technologies.

Conclusion

A. It has been experimentally determined that the grape picking should be done when the concentration of the sugar content in the grapes is not less than 23-24g/100 cm3 and titrated acidity is 6-8 g/dm3. And pressing of grapes in a rolling grape stalk separator enriches the seeds and skins with the phenolic complexes of stalk.

B. It has been established that colored grape raw materials blended with an optimal ratio of “Aladasturi”, “Otskhanuri Sapere” and “Zeibeli 5455” grape varieties is promising for the production of high-quality special red wines with a distinctive variety flavor, and rich technological reserves of phenolic (3765-4314 mg/kg) and dye (976-1432 mg/kg) compounds.

C. The optimal version of blending for producing a special dessert wine with the best sensory bunch has been determined experimentally:(“Otttsanuri Sapere”): (“Aladasturi”): (“Ziebeli 5455”) = (27-36%): (42-54%): (16-18%).

D. It has been investigated that in the process of pressing in a grape stalk separator, in the composition with the enzyme preparation Rapidase CR the kernel gap in the 1-2 mL / 100 kg of enzyme preparation in potassium metabisulphite with 54- 63 mg/dm3 and special (dry active yeast) Aspergillus fungus 1- 2% Composition (CR-9001 or C-RB-9001-fungus works at temperature of 12-280C, pH = 3,0-5,4 and stands alcohol up to 24%), increases the the yield of must, sensory characteristics, the content of extractive (increases the reduced extract up to 1,2- 4,3 g/dm3) and dye substances in wine and contributes to its rapid purification.

E. It has been established that sulphiting of the seeds and skins with potassium metabisulphite with 54-63 mg/dm3, contributes to the emergence of the variety flavor (increase of terpenic compounds by 2,1-2,7%) and the increase in phenolic complex (within 20-25 in wine).

F. There has been determined the relationship between the creation of the flavor-forming complexes and the sugar mass concentration in grapes raw materials, in particular the content of terpenic compounds is increasing by 0,7-1,2%, and the content of esters-by 16-27% when the sugar content in grapes raw materials is 22-27 g/100 cm3, then when sugar content in the grapes is less than 18.6%.

G. It has been studied that through the dog-rose lyophilic drying until 54-63%, adding of the condensed concentrate to the seeds and skins within 50-75 mg/dm3, in the presence of or cadifite (40-70 mg/dm3) either SO2 (90±10 mg/dm3) increases by 1.5-1.8 the development of variety flavor in a special wine

H. It has been experimentally determined that during the aging process of wine material, adding of:

i). dehydrated dog-rose pulp and peel at 20 g/dal,

ii). thermally-treated oak crumb at 5 g/dal,

iii). thermally-treated grape-seed at 5 g/dal

I. Under conditions of periodic pasteurization and stirring within 2-3 months, increases the total number of phenols by 0.3-0.4 g/dm3, improves the rancio tones and sensory bunch.

J. It has been established that after completion of ripening (16- 18 months), adding of dog-rose condensed extract to wine material within 50-70 mg/dm3, slows down the phenolicquinone transformations and increases the flavor-forming complexes.

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