Lupine Publishers | Journal of Clinical & Community Medicine
Abstract
Asthma is the third most common chronic disease in Saudi Arabia, affecting two million people. Asthma is also a leading cause of death among allergic disorders. Uncontrolled asthma may considerably decrease the quality of life for children and their families. Over the years, the Saudi government has included asthma as a major concern in their strategic health plan and has encouraged research in this area. However, paediatric asthma management remains under-researched and needs to be investigated further in the Saudi context. This review summarizes the recent advances in the paediatric asthma management in Saudi Arabia, including the need for culturally sensitive research and practice. The authors discuss the recent context of asthma management in KSA. The authors discuss the need for culturally and ethnically sensitive asthma management research and practice.
Keywords: Asthma; Management; Children; Saudi Arabia; Culturally sensitive care
Introduction
Asthma is a potentially life-threatening condition and is one of the most common respiratory problems causing lung airway obstruction [1]. It is a disease which has no cure but can be controlled by use of proper medication and effective selfmanagement through education [2]. In 2010 an estimated 300 million people were currently asthmatic globally [3]. Poor control of asthma may also lead to frequent use of emergency departments, hospitalization, and, in severe cases, death. Despite several decades of advances in its control and management, asthma remains a common worldwide health and socio-economic problem [4].
Approximately 1.4 million children aged 2-15 in the UK are currently receiving treatment for asthma [5]. In the US, nine million children aged under 18 years have asthma [6]. Asthma is an increasingly significant child health problem within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Although the prevalence rate of asthma among Saudi adults is unknown, estimations by the Saudi Initiative for Asthma (SINA) [7] placed the overall prevalence rate among Saudi children between 8-25 % in 2012 [8]. The prevalence of lifetime wheeze, wheeze over one year and physician-diagnosed asthma in children have been reported as 25.3%, 18.5% and 19.6%, respectively [9]. According to international statistics, in 2016 it is estimated that the Saudi population will comprise 29.4% citizens aged under 15, and 67.6% aged 15-64. This indicates that paediatric asthma continues to be a major public health concern in KSA, especially as asthma control for many patients remains suboptimal. For example, a recent asthma control survey conducted in KSA showed that only 5% of child and adult patients were controlled, 31% were partially controlled, and 64% were uncontrolled [10].
Another recent cross-sectional study conducted among children with asthma aged 4-11 years revealed that uncontrolled asthma was present in about 59.3% of children [11]. This situation has considerable consequences for children in reducing their quality of life through increased hospitalisations and emergency visits [12]. For children, uncontrolled and poorly managed asthma also results in frequent school absences, affecting their educational attainment and future employment prospects and general life outcomes, including health [13].
The Context of Asthma Management in KSA
Internationally, achieving effective asthma management can be challenging for health professionals for a range of reasons, including under-diagnosis, lack of patient education, poor health facilities and limited treatment choices [14-15]. Such issues make asthma management even more challenging in KSA. For example, although there are available written protocols for the diagnosis and management of asthma in the country, there is still inadequate knowledge and application of these guidelines among health care providers [16-17]. Overall, the level of awareness of general knowledge, diagnosis, classification of severity, and management among physicians is considered average (52%), while that of other health professionals in general is considered low [7].
A shortage of Saudi healthcare professionals means that KSA has long employed doctors and nurses from other countries, resulting in the majority of healthcare professionals in KSA being expatriates. There are also issues in KSA which make the professional management of asthma more challenging. The Saudi Ministry of Health (MoH) for example reported that only 38% of its total health workforce were Saudis [18]. The use of health professionals from other countries contributes to high employee turnover rates and can cause barriers during clinical consultations, as foreign professionals usually lack Arabic language skills to communicate with children and parents [19-20].
In many other countries, including the UK and USA, asthma management services are provided by doctors and nurses working collaboratively. Nurses have an active role in the long-term asthma management and education of patients [21], but this is not the case in KSA where nursing staff typically have a negligible, ad hoc role in asthma management [8]. As the role of nurses in asthma care in KSA is under-developed, the burden of asthma management in Saudi therefore primarily falls on doctors rather than being shared with nurses. In recognition of this medical load, and the need to develop asthma care, SINA asthma guidelines were introduced in 2009 to mirror other national and international guidelines like GINA and NAEPP [8,22-23], particularly highlighting the importance of good asthma education [7].
One of the specific challenges of providing effective paediatric asthma management in the KSA is inadequate awareness of the condition. An estimated 50% of the populations of the major Saudi cities of Riyadh Jeddah and Dammam do not know asthma symptoms [24]. Public awareness campaigns regarding asthma, its symptoms, medications, and consequences are urgently required in KSA with specific initiatives targeted towards parents of children with asthma, because parental lack of asthma knowledge is likely to contribute to delays in children accessing health services and receiving asthma treatment which may lead to higher morbidity and mortality rates [13]. To that end, an on-going, nationally funded nurse-led research is being conducted to enable nurses working in KSA to better support doctors in the management of asthma by becoming more involved in the provision of pediatric asthma education, which requires more information about the current nursing role in this field and how it can be improved.
In addition to these contextual barriers to effective paediatric asthma management in KSA, there is also a lack of asthma research specifically conducted in the country. Saudi studies have tended to investigate asthma control or drug use using quantitative methods such as surveys, but rarely cohort designs [12,25-26]. Most Saudi asthma research has focused on the prevalence of asthma among children [4,9,27-28], investigating relationships between asthma and other factors including triggers and symptoms [29-31] and assessment of risk factors [27,32-34]. For instance, there has been a lack of research evaluating asthma management interventions, including the delivery of asthma education programmes for children and parents and their outcomes within a Saudi context. It can be argued that some of the risk factors could be avoided by providing children with sufficient education about asthma. Therefore, there is a need in KSA to educate children with asthma about their illness and to test the effectiveness of these educational programmes in the Saudi context.
The Need for Culturally and Ethnically Sensitive Asthma Management Research & Practice
In recent years recognition has been growing of the need to provide asthma care that is sensitive to the cultural and ethnic needs of patients and parents [35]. A systematic review on barriers and facilitators to asthma management in the care of South Asian children identified some key ethnic and cultural issues, including the impact of parental and professional knowledge and beliefs, health service utilization pattern explanations and the impact of prejudice and stigmatization on the improving of asthma management, and language barriers [36]. In the UK, substantial ethnic variations in hospital admission and deaths from asthma have been noted in Scotland [37]. Cultural factors, including selfmanagement and health seeking behavior as well as variations in the quality of primary care provision, are the most likely explanations for these differences. Such leading research on culturally sensitive care focuses on countries like the UK and USA, where Arabic patients/parents are an ethnic minority. However, in countries like KSA it is necessary to conduct quantitative research on asthma outcomes (e.g. to determine whether non-Saudi health professionals communicating in English to Arabic children/ parents have the same outcomes such as hospital admission rates as Saudi professionals who speak Arabic). While the vast majority of the indigenous population are Arabic nationals, asthma services and management are often provided by health professionals recruited from other countries. Even where foreign personnel are Arabic native speakers (e.g. Egyptians and Palestinians), these professionals may have differing beliefs and values to their Arabian patients and may also lack knowledge about Saudi culture.
Culturally and ethnically sensitive asthma care is also needed for general care purposes, so professionals do not misinterpret extraordinary behavior as Saudi social norms [38]. Asthma management advice and recommendations offered by some professionals may also not fully reflect Islamic beliefs and values, decreasing compliance among clients. When health professionals and patients belong to different cultures, culture based misunderstandings can influence their relationships and interactions adversely [39]. The structure of society and families may be another factor preventing culturally specific pediatric asthma care in KSA. In Saudi Arabia there are no laws in place defining a minimum age of children, although numerous drafts for possible laws and regulations have been created since 2011 [40]. For instance, children under 12 years old are seen in children’s hospitals, whereas children above 12 years are treated in adult hospitals.
The Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH) in the UK advocates that young people need special support to manage their long-term condition, with emphasis on developing positive health behaviors that continue into adulthood [41]. This is in line with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, which formally and explicitly acknowledges the rights for children under international law to be recognized as subjects of rights, rather than merely recipients of adult protection, and that their views are entitled to be heard. These values are recognized in international asthma guidelines which, for example, encourage children to be involved in decisions made about their care, where appropriate research on self-management conducted in western countries may not be transferable to a Saudi context as self-management by children may not be possible within cultural conventions (i.e. they are socio-culturally expected and conditioned to adhere to what their parents say).
There are other barriers which may prevent the delivery of culturally sensitive pediatric asthma management in KSA, such as asthma management advice being provided by female/male health professionals to all genders. However, the current literature on culturally and ethnically sensitive asthma care is gender blind or gender neutral, and has totally over looked gender as a factor that could affect asthma care and outcomes in cultural context where the mixing of men and women is generally avoided, such as conservative Islamic and orthodox Jewish communities [42]. In Saudi Arabia, male health professionals never attempt to interview or examine female patients without a chaperone (typically a father, brother or adult son) being present. It is highly recommended to have female nurses present if female parents and child patients are to be accorded full recognition in decision making for collaborative asthma care recommended internationally [38]. Although SINA guidelines refer to partnerships between patients and healthcare workers, these values are not in-line with the Saudi culture where women and children are still not given full recognition, and as such they are likely not to be involved in asthma management decisions [7].
However, this issue has been over-looked and un-recognized to-date. Despite the fact that SINA guidelines indicated that asthma education program should be conducted by well-trained health care providers with good communication skills to the families, the cultural barriers to this are not acknowledged (e.g. the need for specific education sessions for mothers and for fathers). There is an urgent need for future research into this area to better understand the issue and to identify in what ways asthma management and education can be better tailored to the cultural needs of children and their parents in countries like KSA. Studies of pediatric asthma management also show indications of inadequate culturally sensitive management different settings in Saudi Arabia.
Culturally sensitive asthma care in KSA confers a key role on qualitative research, for instance observation of asthma consultations might enable exploration of whether non-Saudi health professionals are able to offer culturally sensitive asthma care, and how the situation can be improved. During doing a qualitative research, it can be argued that interviews could be harder when women are covered and veiled since it is agreed that studying verbal and non-verbal communications could not be fully understood without obtaining the views and feelings of the people concerned (Holloway & Wheeler, 2002; Parahoo, 2006). Obviously, any such disadvantage was greatly reduced for me due to my cultural competence with veiled Saudi women (see section 4.3.2). Nevertheless, I did not merely rely on the participants’ memories, but I also distinguished between participants’ descriptions in words and their actions to determine any inconsistencies between what they said and what they did (Holloway & Wheeler, 2002).
Asthma knowledge can only be applied effectively with culturally sensitive practices and attitudes adopted by nurses in their interactions with clients [38]. To navigate these cultural issues, interviews with parents of children with asthma and their health professionals enrich the nursing understanding of asthma management and patient education in KSA, providing culturally appropriate, tailored care and avoiding the mismanagement common in developing countries whereby Western (cultural) models are imported and applied wholesale, without consideration of the local context.
Conclusion
The prevalence of asthma amongst children in KSA is high in comparison to the rest of the world and it is increasing. This results in significant costs for individual children, their families and the country. This paper highlights specific contextual issues which make effective pediatric asthma management in KSA challenging. The need for culturally sensitive asthma care has been raised in countries such as the UK, where Arabic patients are a minority. This paper highlights that there is also a need for culturally sensitive asthma care in countries like KSA where Arabic patients are cared for by health professionals recruited from other countries who do not share their culture, beliefs and values. Culturally and ethnically sensitive asthma care is an un-recognized issue within pediatric asthma care generally and needs to be better understood to be fully addressed by qualitative research.
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