Lupine Publishers| IgG4-Related Disease Misdiagnosed as Cholangiocarcinoma

Lupine Publishers| Online Journal of Neurology and Brain Disorders (OJNBD)

Abstract

Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is an increasingly recognized immune-mediated condition comprised of a collection of disorders that share particular pathologic, serologic, and clinical features [1,2]. These disorders were previously thought to be unrelated [3-5]. The commonly shared features include tumor-like swelling of involved organs, a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate enriched in IgG4-positive plasma cells, and a variable degree of fibrosis that has a characteristic “storiform” pattern. In addition, elevated serum concentrations of IgG4 are found in 60 to 70 percent of patients with IgG4-RD.

IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC) is a characteristic type of sclerosing cholangitis, with an unknown pathogenic mechanism. Patients with IgG4-SC display increased serum IgG4 levels [6] and dense infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells with extensive fibrosis in the bile duct wall [7]. Circular and symmetrical thickening of the bile duct wall is observed in the areas without stenosis that appear normal on cholangiography, as well as in the stenotic areas [8]. IgG4-SC has been recently recognized as an IgG4- related disease. IgG4-SC is frequently associated with autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP). IgG4-related dacryoadenitis/sialadenitis and IgG4-related retroperitoneal fibrosis are also occasionally observed in IgG4-SC [9-12]. However, some IgG4-SC cases do not involve other organs. IgG4-SC is most common in elderly men. Obstructive jaundice is frequently observed in IgG4-SC.

A number of diseases, such as, Cystic fibrosis, Chronic obstructive Choledocholithiasis, Biliary strictures (secondary to surgical trauma, chronic pancreatitis), Anastomotic strictures in liver graft, Neoplasms (benign, malignant, metastatic), Infections, hypertonic saline instillation in the bile ducts, Post-traumatic sclerosing cholangitis, Systemic vasculitis, Amyloidosis, Radiation injury, Sarcoidosis, Systemic mastocytosis, Hypereosinophilic syndrome, Hodgkin’s disease, may easily be confused with IgG4- related sclerosing cholangitis, or coexist in a patient [13]. In this case, report 57 years male patient presented with jaundice, fatigue, weight loss, oral moniliasis and right sided neck swelling. He was misdiagnosed as Cholangiocarcinoma.

Keywords: IgG4-Related disease; Cholangiocarcinoma; Neck swelling; Jaundice

Abbreviations: IgG4-RD: Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease, AIP: Auto Immune Pancreatitis, MRCP: Magnetic Resonance Cholangio Pancreatography, CT: Computed Tomography, ERCP: Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio Pancreatography, PSC: Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

Introduction

IgG4-related disease is a newly recognized fibro inflammatory disorder. Tumefactive lesions, storiform fibrosis, IgG4-positive plasma cells infiltration and frequent but not always elevated serum IgG4 level characterize it [14]. IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC) is the most common extra pancreatic manifestation of IgG4-related disease, and it has become the third distinct disease entity of sclerosing cholangitis [15]. The clinical and radiological abnormalities seen in IgG4-SC may resemble those seen in cholangiocarcinoma. IgG4-SC frequently keeps accompany with concurrent autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP). Only few cases were reported to be diagnosed with IgG4-SC in the absence of AIP, with a male preponderance [16].

Case Report

This is a 57 years old male patient, diabetic but not hypertensive, Presented with right submandibular swelling, epigastric fullness anorexia, jaundice, itching, fatigue, weight loss, oral moniliasis and Tea colored urine for 10 days, Laboratory tests showed normal white blood cell count, 5930/Ul, elevated serum bilirubin, total 6.3mg/dl (0.4 - 1.4), direct 4.1mg/dl (< 0.4), high alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 222 U/L (3-30) and high aspartate amino transferase (AST) 114 U/L (10-35). Under the tentative diagnosis of obstructive jaundice. He underwent abdominal ultrasonography and dilatation of bilateral intrahepatic bile ducts was noted. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) was performed. A short segment of stenosis in both hepatic ducts with marked poststenotic dilatation was revealed. Then, he underwent triphasic abdominal computed tomography (CT), which showed small hilar hepatic mass with dilated intra hepatic biliary radicals.

Figure 1:

PET/CT study showed hypermetabolic pancreatic body lesion, hypermetabolic porta-hepatic soft tissue thickening and metabolically active right sub-mandibular mass (Figure 1). Cholangiocarcinoma was highly suspected and internal drainage was done with two stents by Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (Figure 2). Pancreatic body mass biopsy showed chronic pancreatitis and inflammatory pseudo tumor. The tumor markers were checked and showed CEA 2.75mg/ ml (<3.4) and AFP 6.2mg/ml (<8). The serum total bilirubin was declined to 1.86mg/dl after ERCP. Salivary gland excision biopsy was done which showed extensive fibrosis, macrophages and dens plasma cell infiltration, multinucleated giant cells of foreign body type and the plasma cell were positive for IgG4 monoclonal antibody with no evidence of malignancy. The IgG4-positive plasma cells account for 80 - 100 per high-power field despite normal total IgG and IgG4 serum level. The patient diagnosed as IgG4 related disease and received rituximab 1g twice with 2 weeks interval in addition to oral prednisolone 40mg/d which was tapered gradually with marked improvement clinically and laboratory.

Discussion

The IgG4-associated cholangitis (IAC) is one of the IgG4 associated sclerosing disease. In fact, the IgG4 associated sclerosing disease had been reported to involve many organs, causing IgG4 associated sclerosing pancreatitis, cholangitis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, sialadenitis, lymphadenopathy, thyroiditis, nephritis, pneumonia, prostatitis, and some inflammatory pseudotumors [17]. Overlapping of these IgG4 associated sclerosing diseases is common. They are characterized by an elevated serum IgG4, extensive IgG4-positive plasma cells and T-lymphocyte infiltration in the involved organs and well responded to steroid therapy. The pathogenesis of IgG4-associated sclerosing disease remains undetermined [18].

Diagnosis of IAC requires a high index of suspicion. The differential diagnoses include primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer and benign traumatic biliary stricture. The cholangiographic appearance of IAC is not specific. The stricture of bile duct in IAC might be in lower end of common bile duct when combined with autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP). Some were multiple and may be in the intrahepatic or the hilar hepatic bile duct and very similar to that of Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) [19-21]. When the stricture is solitary and had no other combined pancreatic disease, it will be difficult to differentiate from carcinoma. Our case had a stricture in hepatic duct and normal pancreas, which led to misdiagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma preoperatively.

The elevated serum IgG4 is a hallmark of IAC, but it is not diagnostic for the disease. Not all IAC cases have high serum IgG4 [22]. On the contrary, some cases of PSC and other diseases might have high serum IgG4. It is difficult to differentiate cholangiocarcinoma from IAC by present imaging studies [23]. Use of IgG4 immunostaining on cytology specimens is not recommended because the density of IgG4- positive cells in the tissue cannot be determined from these specimens. Mild tissue IgG4 immunostaining can occur in other diseases [24]. Therefore, endoscopic brush cytology could not help to make a diagnosis of IAC, but a malignant result of cytology could exclude IAC. Preoperative diagnosis is sometimes difficult, especially when serum IgG4 is not high. Histological examination of the surgical specimen is needed to make a final diagnosis in some rare cases. The optimal steroid treatment regimen of IAC is not defined. Most patients respond initially to steroids but relapse is not uncommon 17. In patients with IAC, careful observation for relapse of cholangitis or other possible IgG4 associated sclerosing diseases is mandatory both during and after withdrawal of the steroid therapy. Though surgery is not indicated in patients with IAC, surgery had been performed in a great proportion of patients for the difficulty in making a precise diagnosis preoperatively before.

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