Lupine Publishers | Use of Skin Grafts for the Correction of a Circumcision Complication

 Lupine Publishers | Journal of Surgery & Case Studies

Abstract

Background: Circumcision is largely performed and is considered to be technically simple and safe but it may occasionally lead to important complications.

Aim: To report the case of a patient who underwent a circumcision and presented a complication that obliged the use of skin grafts to recover the penis.

Materials and Methods: A 12-year old boy with neurogenic bladder underwent a circumcision using Plastibell device and presented a fasciitis of the lower abdomen and perineum with necrosis of the skin of the penis. He was submitted to a new surgical intervention where skin grafts from the abdomen were used to cover the body of the penis

Result: The cosmetic aspect of the penis was considered adequate at six months after the surgical procedure.

Conclusion: The use of skin graft could be a good and reliable alternative for different conditions resulting in buried penis.

Keywords: Circumcision, Male, Urinary bladder, Neurogenic, Urinary catheterization, Skin transplantation

Introduction

Circumcision is performed as a common ritual in Islamic, Jewish and other cultures and for phimosis correction. Patients with neurogenic bladder often have to undergo circumcision to facilitate intermittent catheterization. Although circumcision is considered to be a technical simple and safe procedure with no significant risk in neonates, it may occasionally lead to severe complications such necrotizing fasciitis or even penis amputation in older patients with commorbidities [1,2]. In this report, we present a case of a patient with neurogenic bladder who underwent a circumcision in order to facilitate the intermittent catheterization and presented a complication that obliged the reconstruction of the skin covering of the penis

Case Presentation

A 12-year old boy with neurogenic bladder has undergone a circumcision using Plastibell device in other service because the mother was having difficulty to perform intermittent catheterization. In the week following the surgery, as the child was obese, the penis sank into the pubic fat like a buried penis. A portion of the urine was eliminated by the “penis hole” but much of the urine leaked into the subcutaneous tissue without the mother noticing it because the child was incontinent. A week later the child was admitted to our Emergency Service presenting a fasciitis of the lower abdomen wall and perineum. He underwent drainage of the abdomen, removal of the Plastibell device, resection of all necrotic tissue and a cystostomy for urine drainage.

One year later he was submitted to a new surgical intervention. The penis shaft was completely exposed, and since there was not enough skin, the penis was covered with a skin graft from the abdomen (Figures 1 & 2). The cystostomy was closed and a laparotomy permitted the appendix to be mobilized to build a catheterization conduit using the Mitrofanoff technique for intermittent catheterization The graft had 6cm wide and and 10 centimeters long and was able to completely cover the body of the penis. A dressing with antibiotic ointment was applied to the penis and changed at the seventh day at the operating room. The cosmetic aspect of the penis was considered adequate at six months after the surgery (Figure 3).

Figure 1: Preoperative finding. The penis was sunk in the abdominal fat like a buried penis

Figure 2: Immediate Postoperative Aspect - Note the conduct for urinary catheterization located in the right inguinal region. A skin graft from the abdomen was used to cover the penis.

Figure 3: Postoperative Aspect after 6 Months.

Discussion

Different techniques have been proposed for the treatment of buried penis and megaprepuce, which are conditions in which the body of the penis has a normal size but the skin coverage is insufficient [3]. These techniques, however, are only satisfactory if the skin of the penis or the scrotum allow the construction of flaps. In a previous publication we showed that the children with bladder exstrophy had a consistent improvement in the cosmetic appearance of the penis when it was covered with skin grafts [4]. The use of skin grafts allows a more appropriate coverage of the body of the penis when it is completely ungloved because they fit adequately between the glans and the base of the penis. Although the use of skin flaps increase the morbidity of surgery, require special care in handling it and increase the time of hospitalization, the aesthetic result can be very satisfactory (Figure 3).

Circumcision is widely used around the world, in neonatal period with the benefits outweighing the risks, often with preventive indications [5]. However the risks are increased in older children, especially in obese and with co morbidities like neurogenic bladder needing intermittent catheterization. In this case the fasciitis could be avoided if the patient was submitted to neonatal circumcision. Fortunately the infection affected only the skin and fascia, leaving untouched the cavernous tissue and glans, and could be adequately treated with a skin graft, being a good and reliable alternative. We think this case clearly shows that neonatal circumcision can avoid life threatening conditions due to delayed operations when performed by experienced surgeons.

Conclusion

The use of skin grafts could be a good and reliable alternative for different conditions resulting in buried penis.

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Lupine Publishers | A New Multidisciplinary Strategy for Using Novel Tunable Immune Response (TIR) Biomaterial Platform Technology as the New Alternative for Treating Immuno-based Diseases

 Lupine Publishers | Journal of Immunology & Infectious Diseases

Opinion

Innovation in technology is the key element to modernize medical treatment and will have a significant impact on all phrases of our lives, particularly the healthcare upon aging population. Many diseases have the common root on immunology, particularly inflammation, and the current advanced immunotherapy has all based on the biological approach like cytokines to alter the immune response for achieving better therapeutic outcomes. At here, I would like to propose a new multidisciplinary strategy as a new alternative for treating immuno-based diseases via the use of a novel family of tunable immune response (TIR) biomaterial platform technology. The theoretical base of this new alternative strategy is to modulate the immune cell (i.e., macrophage) associated inflammation via the feeding of different types of L-arginine (Arg)-based biodegradable polymers to macrophage to control the direction of the dual Arg metabolic pathways by macrophage. It is well-known that macrophage can uptake Arg and metabolize it either through the iNOS or Arginase pathways. The iNOS pathway would lead to the production of NO, and hence cytotoxic (M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype), while the arginase pathway would lead to the formation of polyamines and L-proline, and hence tissue regeneration/repair (M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype). It is my opinion that the use of the macrophage’s Arg metabolic pathways to tune immuno-responsive character of macrophage is a better strategy than the conventional use of cytokines for either classical or alternative macrophage activation. This is because

I.Cytokines have a much shorter life span and can be easily deactivated in real clinical applications, while the Arg-based Tunable Immune Responsive (TIR) biomaterial platform technology strategy can have a very long lifespan and shelf life, i.e., lower healthcare cost and more sustained efficacy.

II.The Arg-based TIR biomaterials can be formulated into a variety of physical forms like nanoparticles, fibrous membranes, melt-spun fibers, 3D microporous hydrogels, films, coating etc., while the cytokines can’t be formulated into any form, except their native form. The capability of having a variety of physical forms can definitely facilitate and expand their clinical applications. For example, TIR-based nanoparticles can couple with drugs to provide a synergistic therapeutic effect toward disease treatment. Such an integration of macrophage-proactive TIR-biomaterials with drugs will open a new dimension of immunotherapy.

This new family of TIR-capable biodegradable biomaterials have a nickname, “TIR-capable Pseudo-protein biomaterials” because they are built from 3 building blocks, amino acids, alcohols and acids, and possess both proteins and non-protein properties. Because of the enormous variety of these 3 building blocks, these pseudo-protein biomaterials can be tailored designed for meeting specific clinical needs, hence have become a platform biomaterial technology. The 1st generation of these new pseudo-protein biomaterials has been licensed and approved as the coating material for a new drug-eluting stent (Slender IDS®) for human commercial use in Europe in 2016 to treat the blockage of coronary artery. Very recently, Chu has teamed up with the Institute of Chinese Medicine in the Hong Kong Baptist University to pursue the use of the newly developed pseudo-protein nanotechnology as the delivery vehicles for Chinese medicine like gambogic acid to treat the most challenging and difficult triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Their animal data are very encouraging and promising. This infusion of a new western pseudo-protein nanotechnology from Cornell with ancient Chinese medicine is believed to be able to modernize Chinese medicine-based treatment significantly for a far better therapeutic efficacy and lower toxicity. My lab has recently also collaborated with the National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and School of Materials Science and Engineering in the South China University of Technology, Guangzhou to test the feasibility of this new TIR-based pseudo-protein biomaterials for treating diabetic burn wounds in diabetic-induced mice as diabetic patients are well-known to have the inherent difficulty to heal their wounds timely. Burn wounds are well-known for their excessive inflammatory character. Therefore, a combined diabetic burn wound appears to provide the most challenge animal model to test the potential of my lab newly developed strategy of TIR-based pseudo protein biomaterial technology for immunotherapy of a variety of diseases. The animal trial data show that this novel TIRbased pseudo-protein biomaterials can indeed timely promote the healing of the 3rd degree burn wounds in diabetic-induced mice, and the mechanism behind this very promising animal data is the TIR-based pseudo-protein biomaterials induced transformation of the highly inflammatory M1 macrophage phenotype in the diabetic burn wound bed into anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage phenotype. Figure 1 shows the wound healing performance of a diabetic 3rd degree burn wound mice after the topical treatment by my lab TIR-based pseudo-protein biomaterials.

Figure 1:

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Lupine Publishers | Synthesis of C-6 Methyl Substituted Benzothiazole Derivatives and Antifungal Activity against Aspergillus Niger

 Lupine Publishers | Journal of Skin Diseases

Abstract

Life-threatening illness occurs due to Aspergillus species cause a spectrum of disease ranging from airway colonization. In case of respiratory tract, aspergilloma is the most common form of pulmonary involvement, which is usually accompanied by preexisting lung disease finally architectural abnormalities most commonly stem from tuberculosis, although other associated conditions, such as sarcoidosis, bronchiectasis, and neoplasm, have been documented.

Methodology: The present work comprised of synthesis and cyclization of substituted benzothiazole nucleus by reaction of substituted aniline with potassium thiocynate in presence of bromine in glacial acetic acid and ammonia under temperature control. Substituted benzothiazole then condensed with 2 (3 or 4)-nitrobenzoylchloride acid in presence of dry pyridine and acetone to get substituted nitrobenzamides. To the above product 2-nitroaniline, 3-nitroaniline, 4-nitroaniline in presence of DMF were treated to get newly synthesized derivatives (D-1 to D-09) through replacing at 7th position chlorine. Antifungal activity was performed against Aspergillus Niger by cup plate method (diffusion technique) using Griseoflavin as standard.

Result: Among, all newly synthesized derivatives compound D-5 showed potent antifungal activity against activity. Aspergillus Niger while compound D-6, D-8 and D-9 showed moderate inhibitory activity at both concentrations 50μg/ml and 100μg/ml as compared to standard.

Conclusion: In the present work efforts have been made to synthesized newer derivatives having methyl substitution at C-6 position of benzothiazole while 2-(3 or 4)-aryl-NO2 considered as rotating substitution at C-2 and C-7 position of benzothiazole nucleus to find out influence of activity due to change in substitution position against Aspergillus Niger .

Keywords: Benzothiazole; Antifungal activity; 2-Substituted benzothiazole; 7-Substituted benzothiazole; Nitro benzothiazole; Cyclization of benzothiazole nucleus; Aspergillus Niger; Cup plate method (diffusion technique)

Introduction

Fungi of the genus Aspergillus are ubiquitous saprophytic and widespread presence in the environment; hundreds of Aspergillus spp. inhaled may by the average person per day [1]. Mucociliary clearance and phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages, basically involved to remove Aspergillus spp. from respiratory tract (RT), while polymorph nuclear neutrocytes cleared germinating spores and hyphae through degranulation and the release of oxidants [2]. Aspergillus spp. is capable to colonize in RT, even presence of these effective clearance mechanisms in the body for the elimination of inhaled fungi from the respiratory tracts of healthy individuals. The main target site of colonizing of Aspergillus spp. is injured lung tissue and epithelia. Although such colonization often has no clinical consequences, Aspergillus spp. can cause a variety of clinical manifestations depending on the immune status of the host [3,4]. Aryl nitro substitution at C-2 and C-7 position together with their parental nucleus benzothiazole constitute an important group of synthetic products that are of particular interest owing to their wide ranging biological activities [5-9]. Their principal medicinal role is reportedly in the field of medicinal chemistry. The biological activities of some of these compounds were previously evaluated for anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti fungal activity [10-14]. In, the recent era development of resistance against existing antibacterial and anti-fungal agents, created demand of new research to combat the developed resistance with efficacy and safety. The synthesis of benzothiazole is an area of current interest because it belongs to an important class of heterocyclic compounds that found to be effective as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents [15-18]. At present several methods for the synthesis and cyclization of benzothiazole have been reported. Since individual method has its own advantages and disadvantages, but the most common classical method for the synthesis of benzothiazole recently in use is based on cyclization of substituted aniline in the presence of potassium thiocyanate achieved through oxidation by bromine. Structure activity relationships of benzothiazoles have been of great interest because, change in S and N, nucleophilicity with change of functional groups along with its biological activities [19]. Since it is well known that lead optimization is mainly based on the cyclization and structural elaboration by attachment of substituent groups either on the benzene or heterocyclic rings. Although, reported relationships between the structure of the heterocyclic scaffold and substituent groups reveal that the nature of the heterocyclic ring is the main base, associated with biological activity. It also reveals that change in biological activity with the presence of substituent in different positions of benzothiazole moiety [20-22]. The aim of this study was to synthesized and determines the antifungal activity of novel compounds against Aspergillus Niger to established further understanding of the biological and investigate structure-activity relationships among them.

Materials and Methods

Synthesis of Substituted Benzothiazole (1-SB)

Synthesis of substituted benzothiazole nucleus was achieved by adding 8gm (0.08mol) of potassium thiocyanate and 1.45g (0.01mol) of substituted aniline to 20ml cooled glacial acetic acid in such a way to temperature not exceeded above room temperature. Temperature of reaction was controlled by placing mixture in freezing mixture of ice and salt with mechanically stirring. Solution of 1.6ml of bromine in 6ml of glacial acetic acid was added using dropping funnel. Time taken for addition of bromine was around 105 minute with special precaution was taken that the temperature never rose beyond room temperature. When addition of bromine was completed the solution was stirred for 2 hours below room temperature and at room temperature for 10 hours. Then mixture allowed stand overnight to get an orange precipitate was settle at the bottom. 6ml water was added and heated at 850C on a steam bath and filtered hot (Filtrate-01). The residue was heated with 10ml of glacial acetic acid at 850C and filtered hot (Filtrate-02). The filtrate 01 and 02 were combined and cooled. Precipitate was collected when it neutralized with concentrated ammonia solution to pH 6. Finally treated with animal charcoal and recrystalised from benzene, ethanol of (1:1) to get substituted benzothiazole (1-SB, 66%yeild).

Synthesis of Nitrobenzamide (2-SB, 3-SB, and 4-SB)

Intermediate nitrobenzamide compound 2-SB, 3-SB and 4-SB were synthesized by dissolving 5.36g (0.026mol) of substituted nitrobenzoylchloride in 50ml dry acetone. The solution was added drop wise with continuous stirring at room temperature into a solution of 5.22g (0.026mol) of product of 1-SB in dry pyridine (50ml). Stirring was continued for another 30 minutes after addition. Finally transferred into ice cold water (200ml) and recrystalized with ethanol.

Synthesis of Compound D-1 to D-9

The final novel compounds (D-1 to D-9) were synthesized by separate refluxing of 2.7g (0.0075 mol) of product 2-SB, 3-SB and 4-SB with 0.008 mol of 2 (3 or 4) nitro substituted aniline for 2 hrs in presence of DMF (dimethyl formamide). The mixture was cooled at room temperature and poured into crushed ice and solid separated after filtration. The separated solid was dried and recrystalized with super dry alcohol.

Analytical Characterization

During the synthesis the reaction progress was closely monitored by thin layer chromatography using solvent system butanol: ethyl acetate: benzene [1:2:1] and detection performed by exposing them to iodine vapors. Open capillaries method was used to determine melting points of the synthesized compounds. Structure elucidation of compounds were done by IR spectra (KBr pellet technique) were recorded using a SHIMADZU (8400S), spectrophotometer. IR spectral study showed frequency range for Ar-C=C, C=O, C-S, C-NO2. 1H NMR spectra were recorded using CDCL3 as a solvent and tetramethylsilane (TMS) as an internal standard on Bruker AM 400 instrument (at 400 MHz).

Antifungal activity against Aspergillus Niger

The synthesized compounds are screened against selected fungal strains Aspergillus Niger by using diffusion method and griseoflavin used as a standard drug. The 48 hours old fungal culture inoculated into nutrient broth by following aseptic techniques and incubated for 48 hours at 37± 20C in an incubator. This culture mixed with Potato-dextrose agar media (20%) and poured into petriplates. After solidification five bores are made at equal distance by using sterile steel cork borer (8mm in diameter). Into these cups different concentrations (50μg/ml and 100μg/ml) of standard drug and synthesized compounds along with control (Dimethyl formamide) introduced. After introduction of standard drug and compounds, these plates are placed in a refrigerator at 8-100C for two hours for proper diffusion of the drugs. After 2 hours of cold incubation, the petriplates are transferred to incubator and maintained at 37±20C for 24-36 hours. After the incubation period, the plates were observed for zone of inhibition by using verniar scale. Results evaluated by comparing the zone of inhibition shown by the synthesized compounds with standard drug. The results are the mean value of zone of inhibition measured in millimeter of two preparation of sample (Synthesized compounds) and standard drug.

Result and Discussion

Benzothiazole contains Sulphar and nitrogen as heteroatom but impart biological activity while substitution at C-2, C-6 and C-7 position. Although, C-2 and C-6 position in substituted aniline found to be the most positive center but C-2 position behaves as a more electrophilic centre. However attack preferably at C-2 position, which was the electrophilic center and it is probable that bromine being as pseudo halogen, behaves as an electrophile by attacking this electrophilic center followed by replacement of hydrogen of C-2 position as one hydrogen bromide while one bromine atom remain attached. Thiocyanogen replaced bromine and behaves as a pseudo halogen (electrophile) followed by elimination of potassium bromide. Rearrangement produces substituted benzothiazole through ring closure when pH adjusted at pH6 with ammonia.

In the present work efforts have been made to synthesized newer derivatives having methyl substitution at C-6 position of benzothiazole while 2-(3 or 4)-aryl-NO2 considered as rotating substitution at C-2 and C-7 position of benzothiazole nucleus to find out influence of activity due to change in substitution position (Figure 1). The Basic fact behind frequent use of nitro group as substituent is that the bacteria only rarely acquire resistance; hence compound seems to be more effective against bacterial infection even it was revealed that inherent toxicity of nitro group is very low that allow compound to be safe also. Analytical characterization was performed using TLC, melting point, while structural elucidation was done by IR and NMR. Reaction progress was monitored by thin layer chromatography. It was found that the distance traveled by the sample was found to be different from that of the parent compound spotted along with it and confirmed that synthesized compounds were different from parent compound. Since all samples gave a single spot, the compounds were taken to be free from impurities. Analytical characterization data confirmed structure of newly synthesized compounds (D-1 to D-9). Structure of newly synthesized compounds confirmed by 1HNMR which clearly indicated a sharp characteristic signal at 7.14-7.60ppm is assigned to NH proton (benzothiazole) in all the synthesized compounds (Table 1). The synthesized compounds are screened against selected fungal strains Aspergillus Niger by using diffusion method at two concentration 50 and 10050μg/ml using griseoflavin as a standard drug. In the screening, it was found that compound D-5 exhibited promising inhibitory activity while compound D-6, D-8, D-9 showed moderate activity and rest of compounds not compete for better activity or can be consider as mild active (Table 2).

Figure 1: Synthetic scheme

Table 1: Analytical characterization of newly synthesized compounds.

Table 2: Result of antifungal activity.

Conclusion

In the present work substituted benzothiazole nucleus synthesized from substituted aniline followed by condensation with nitrobenzoylchloride. To the above product 2-nitroaniline, 3-nitroaniline, 4-nitroaniline in presence of DMF were treated to get newly synthesized derivatives (D-1 to D-09) through replacing at 7th position chlorine. Analytical characterization data confirmed structure of newly synthesized compounds (D-1 to D-9). Synthesized compounds were evaluated for antifungal activity using fungal strain of Aspergillus niger by cup plate method (diffusion technique) at two different concentration 50μg/ml and 100μg/ml. Among, all newly synthesized derivatives compound D-5 showed potent.

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Lupine Publishers | How Blood Group Influence Hair Texture?

 Lupine Publishers | Journal of Biotechnology & Microbiology

Abstract

Objective of present studies was to correlates blood grouping with hair texture. Total 181 subjects participated in present study. The subjects were students in Baha Uddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan. Blood groups are chemical system used in blood transfusion and determination of parentage. Two types of blood groups are discovered yet, ABO and Rh. A survey was performed among subjects of different blood groups to determine their hair texture. Each subject told either they had curly or straight hair with his consent. It was concluded from present study that females having B+ blood group had maximum straight hair while A- subjects (males and females), B- subjects (males & females), AB+ males, AB- subjects (males and females), O- males had minimum curly hair similarly AB- and O- males had minimum straight hair.

Keywords: Blood Group; Curly Hair; Straight Hair

Introduction

Blood groups are the complex chemical system that are present on the surface of blood cells. All bloods have the same basic components as red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma. There are two types of blood group system. ABO blood group and Rh. ABO blood system has four types. A (A+, A-), B (B+, B-), AB (AB+, AB-) and O (O+, O-). Blood group A has antigen A with anti-B antibodies. Blood group B has B antigen with anti-A antibody. AB blood group has both A and B antigen with no antibodies. Blood group O has neither A nor B antigen but with A and B antibodies. It is the most important blood group system for the blood transfusion in humans. O blood group individuals are called universal donor while AB blood group individual are called universal recipients [1]. Another type of blood group system is Rh blood group also called Rhesus system. It is encoded by the three genes C, D and E. The red blood cells in Rh system contain another antigen which is called Rd. antigen. It may be positive or negative. If it is present, then blood group will be Rd. positive but if it is absent then blood group will be Rd. negative. Hence, there will be eight blood groups such as A Rd. positive (A+), A Rd. negative (A-), B Rd. positive (B+), B Rd. negative (B-), O Rd. positive (O+), O Rd. negative (O-) [2]. Both these blood group systems were discovered by Landsteiner and used in blood transfusion and determination of parentage.

Hair is a protein which grows from the follicle present in dermis. It is very important biomaterial made up of protein called alpha keratin. Different varieties of hair textures are present but three most important are curl pattern, volume and consistency. According to some scientist’s shape of hair shaft determine hair texture i.e. either they are straight or curly. If hair shaft is round, then straight hair grows but if it is flatter then curly hair grow. Hair volume may be thin, normal or thick. In hair consistency, fine hair has smallest circumference, coarse hair has largest circumference while medium hair has circumference between these two. According to Andre Walker system, there are 4 types of hair. Curly, straight, wavy and kinky. Curly hair has “S” shape, depend on climate and can easily be damaged. Straight hair has beautiful and flexible hair texture. It becomes difficult to curl them. Wavy hair is between straight and curly hair. Kinky hair type is fragile and has tightly coiled curl. When they are wet, they shrink. Objective of present studies was to correlates blood grouping with hair texture.

Materials and Method

Blood Grouping

First of all, took needle and prick on the upper portion of finger for blood extraction. After this took a slide and add three drops of blood and 3 drops of anti-sera A, B and D on that slide. Anti-sera A and anti-sera B was used to check the blood type while anti-sera D was used to check the positivity or negativity of that type. Those anti-sera that showed precipitate formation would show our blood group type.

Project Designing

A survey among subjects of different blood groups to determine their hair texture was performed. Each subject told either they had curly or straight hair with his consent. Total 181 subjects participated in present study. The subjects were students in Bahaudin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan.

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis was performed by using MS Excel.

Results and Discussion

Blood group influence on hair texture is given in Table 1. Questionnaire based studies had given an important advancement in recent researches. Similar researches were also done by S Miyasaka et al from Forensic Science Institute in May-Jun 1987 and L Potsch-Schneider et al. Z Rechtsmed 1986 [3-10].

Table 1:

Conclusion

It was concluded from present study that females having B+ blood group have maximum straight hair while A- subjects (males and females), B- subjects (males & females), AB+ males, ABsubjects (males and females), O- males have minimum curly hair. Similarly, AB- and O- males have minimum straight hair.

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Lupine Publishers| Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Property of Selected Medicinal Plants Native to Cambodia

 Lupine Publishers| Journal of Drug Designing & Intellectual Properties

Abstract

Cambodian medicinal plants have been used to treat different diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, cancers, diabetes and AIDS. This study aimed at conducting the Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant activities of whole plant of BryophyIIumpinnatum (Lam.) Kurz, barks of Dillenia ovata Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thomson, rhizomes of Drynariafortunei (Kunze ex Mett.) J. Sm. and barks of Lophopetalumwallichii Kurz. native to Cambodia. All the plants were extracted with ethanolby maceration extraction method. The Phytochemical analysis for alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, steroids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, essential oils, saponins and resins by using the standard methods. The in vitro antioxidant property was evaluated by assessing the DPPH' radical scavenging ability. The preliminary Phytochemical evaluation of these species exhibited that the ethanolic extracts of B. pinnatum (whole plant), D. ovata (barks), D.fortunei (rhizomes) and L.waIIichii (barks) contain alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins and resins. Moreover, the ethanolic extracts of B. pinnatum whole plant, D. ovata barks, and D.fortunei rhizomes possess coumarins and steroids, and of L.waIIichii barks have essential oils. The in vitro antioxidant activity of the species B. pinnatum whole plant, D. ovata barks, D.fortunei rhizomes and L.waIIichii barks have prominent antioxidant activities. This study suggests the potential source of natural antioxidant in B. pinnatum, D. ovata, D.fortunei and L.waIIichii native to Cambodia. Further research is highly recommended on the isolation of the antioxidant compounds from these species.

Keywords: B. pinnatum; D. ovate; D. fortune; L.waIIichii; Phytochemical analysis; In vitro antioxidant activity

Introduction

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) or free radicals are unstable intermediates formed from molecules via the breakage of a chemical bond such that each fragment keeps one electron, via cleavage of a radical to give another radical and, also via redox reactions [1] . The ROS are categorized into oxygen-centered radicals and oxygen-centered non-radicals. The oxygen-centered radicals include superoxide anion (oO₂^_), hydroxyl radical (oOH), alkoxyl radical (RO^) and peroxyl radical (ROO^), and nitrogen species. The oxygen-centered non-radicals are hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and singlet oxygen (¹O₂), hypochlorous acid (HClO) and ozone (O₃) [2] . Free radicals are also generated either from normal essential metabolic processes in the human body or from external sources such as exposure to X-rays, ozone, cigarette smoking, air pollutants, and industrial chemicals causing oxidative stress which is able to adversely alter lipids, protein and DNA triggering various human complications such as cancers, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, age-related eye disease and Parkinson’s disease [3].

The free radicals can be scavenged by using the antioxidant system including non-enzymatic constituents and a series of antioxidant enzymes. The non-enzymatic constituents include glutathione, selenium, vitamin C and E. The antioxidant enzymes embrace glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase which are the predominant antioxidant enzymes playing a key role in minimizing the oxidative stress [4]. Several studies reported the free radical scavenging activities of medicinal plants considered as the natural antioxidant, which is utilized in several medical applications as their assurance of effectiveness and safety [5]. The medicinal plants in form of roots, barks, leaves, seeds and fruits have been used to manage various illnesses since the ancient Cambodian era [6]. Medicinal plants are composed of some bioactive compounds influencing the physiological functions of the human body and these active phyto constituents include alkaloids, terpenes and phenolic compounds [7], biosynthesized by the pathways of acetyl coenzyme A, shikimic acid, mevalonic acid and 1-deoxylulose 5-phosphate in the plant [8]. The Phytochemical is being broadly examined for its ability to provide health benefits, and several reports proved their curative effects on cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, cancers, diabetes and AIDS [9], the underlying mechanism of which is due to their bioactivities as substrates for biochemical reactions, cofactors of enzymatic reactions, and inhibitors of enzymatic reactions [10].

However, no much scientific authentication has been made for most of medicinal plants native to Cambodia. To address this lacuna, the present investigation was carried out for the Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant activities of whole plant of BryophyIIumpinnatum(Lam.) Kurz (Crassulaceae) (local name: KabelLapoahs), barks of DiIIenia ovata Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thomson (Dilleniaceae) (local name: Phlu Thom), rhizomes of Drynariafortunei (Kunze ex Mett.) J. Sm. (Polypodiaceae) (local name: Baabrak), and barks of LophopetaIumwaIIichii Kurz (Celastraceae) (local name: Puen Ta Lei) [11].

Material and Methods

Collection of Plants

The whole plant of B. pinnatum, the barks of D. ovata, the rhizomes of D.fortunei and the barks of L.waIIichiiin the dried form were collected from the local drugstore selling medicinal plants in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, in August 2017. The plants were authenticated with the voucher specimens UPFPT-110071 (B. pinnatum), UPFPT-110057 (D. ovata), UPFPT-110069 (D. fortunei) and UPFPT-110066 (L. wallichii) of University of Puthisastra (UP)- Herbarium. The parts of the plant samples were deposited in the UP-Herm barium and the Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Puthisastra, Cambodia, aiming at conducting further investigation.

Preparation of Plant Extracts

The maceration method was applied to the extraction of the plants. Each plant part was powdered and kept in contact with ethanol in the concentration of 157g/3500mL (B. pinnatum whole plant), 420g/6100 mL (D. ovata barks), 192g/3800mL (D.fortunei rhizomes), and 161g/5600mL (L.waIIichii barks). The supernatants were collected by filtration after 24 hours, and the solvent was evaporated to make the crude extracts. Each crude extract was subjected to the lyophilisation. The residues obtained were stored in airtight bottles in a refrigerator for the phytochemical evaluation and the in vitro antioxidant activity. The plant extraction was carried out at the Laboratory of Biological Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, KhonKaen University, Thailand.

Phytochemical Analysis

The ethanolic extracts of B. pinnatum whole plant, D. ovata barks, D.fortunei rhizomes and L.waIIichii barks underwent the Phytochemical screening in order to detect the presence or the absence of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, steroids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, essential oils, saponins and resins by using the standard methods [12]. This Phytochemical test was evaluated in the Pharmacognosy Laboratory, University of Puthisastra.

Evaluation of Alkaloids (Dragendorff's, Mayer's and Wagner's Tests): The crude extracts were dissolved with 1M-HCl (100mg/10 mL) and subjected to the filtration. The filtrate was loaded equally into four test tubes. One control test tube was added with no reagent, and the rest of test tubes were treated with Dragendorff’s, Mayer’s or Wagner’s reagents. The orange red (Dragendorff), creamy white (Mayer) or reddish brown (Wagner) precipitates demonstrated the presence of Alkaloids [13].

Evaluation of Phenolic Compounds (Ferric Chloride Test): the crude extracts were added with ethanol (100mg/10mL), and the solution was filtrated. Two-milliliter filtrate was pipetted into the test tube, following with the addition of distilled water 5mL. Four drops of 5%-FeCl₃ were dripped into the filtrate. The formation of dark green precipitate showed the presence of Phenolic Compounds [14].

Evaluation of Tannins (Ferric Chloride Test): The ethanol was added to the crude extract (100mg/10mL), and the mixture was filtrated. The two-milliliter filtrate was transferred into the test tube and added with few drops of 0.1%-FeCl₃. The tested group was compared with the control group, which was not added with the reagent. The brownish green coloration interpreted the presence of Tannins [15].

Evaluation of Flavonoids (Ammonium Test): The crude extracts were dissolved in chloroform 2 mL and taken into the test tube. One milliliter of 1%-NH₄ was added into it. The mixture was shaken vigorously. The yellow color observed in the ammonia layer demonstrated the presence of Flavonoids [16].

Evaluation of Coumarins (NaOH Test): the crude extracts with the addition of ethanol in the concentration of 100mg/10mL were filtrated. The two-milliliter of filtrate was loaded into the test tube and added with 3mL of 10%-NaOH. The yellow coloration represented the presence of Coumarins [17].

Evaluation of Steroids (Liebermann-Burchard Test): The crude extract 100 mg was dissolved in the chloroform 2 mL and filtered into the test tube. The mixture was added with 1 mL of glacial acetic acid, followed by carefully the addition of 1ml of H₂SO₄ along the side of the test tube. The greenish color indicated the presence of Steroids [18].

Evaluation of Terpenoids (Salkowski's Test): The crude extract of 100 mg was dissolved in the chloroform 5mL and filtered into the test tube. The mixture was added carefully with 3mL of H₂SO₄ along the side of the test tube. The reddish brown color at the interface of the two phases characterized the presence of Terpenoids [19].

Evaluation of Cardiac Glycosides (Keller-Kiliani's Test): The glacial acetic acid 2 mL was mixed with 2 drops of 2%-FeCl₃. The crude extract 100 mg was dissolved in this solution in the test tube. The mixture was added with 1 mL of H₂SO₄ along the side of the test tube. The brown ring at the interface indicated the presence of Cardenolides, and the violet-green ring below the brown ring in the acetic acid layer represented Glycoside. These together characterized Cardiac Glycosides [19,20].

Evaluation of Essential Oils (NaOH-HCl Test): In the test tube, the filtrate 2 mL of the extract was added with 100 μl of 1M-NaOH, followed by the addition of 3 drops of 1M-HCl. The mixture was shaken. The white precipitate demonstrated the presence of Essential Oils [21].

Evaluation of Saponins (Froth Test): the distilled water 15mL were added to 100mg of the crude extract and filtered into the test tube. The mixture was shaken for 10min until the formation of stable persistent froth. Formation of stables five-minute persistent froth indicated the presence of Saponins [22].

Evaluation of Resins (Turbidity Test): Ten milliliter of distilled water were added to 200 mg of the crude extract and filtered into the test tube, and the mixture was observed. The occurrence of turbidity showed the presence of Resins [21].

DPPH' Radical Scavenging Assay: 1, 1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method is a rapid and sensitive procedure to observe the antioxidant activity of plant extracts. The stock solutions of the extracts were prepared in ethanol to achieve the concentration of 1mg/ml. The dilutions were made to obtain the concentrations of 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000μg/mL (B. pinnatum whole plant); 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10μg/ mL (D. ovata barks); 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350μg/mL (D.fortunei rhizomes); and 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60μg/mL (L.wallichii barks).The diluted solutions (100μL each) were mixed with 100μL of ethanolic solution of DPPH (200μM). The mixture was left for 30min in the darkness at room temperature, and the absorbance was recorded at 550nm. The experiment was replicated in three independent assays. The solution without samples and with DPPH and ethanol was used as negative control, and the Trolox (30μM) was used as a positive control. The inhibition of DPPH free radical in percentage was calculated by the formula:

Inhibition ( % ) = [( A _{negative control}- A _test )/(A _{negative control} - A _control)] x 100

Where A_{negative control} is the absorbance of the negative control (DPPH + EtOH) and A is the absorbance of sample extracts. A control is the absorbance of the control (Et OH alone). All tests were run in triplicates (n=3), and average values were calculated [23]. The assay was carried out in the Laboratory of Biological Pharmacology, KhonKaen University. The IC₅₀ parameter was used for the interpretation of the results from DPPH method. The discoloration of sample was plotted against the sample concentration in order to calculate the IC₅₀ value. It is defined as the amount of sample necessary to decrease the absorbance of DPPH by 50% [23].

Figure 1: Ethanolic extracting yields (%) of four plant parts.

Results and Discussion

Extracting Yields (%) of Powdered Plants

The present study revealed that the ethanolic extracting yield of D. fortunei rhizomes (9.31%) showed the highest value, following by the yields of B. pinnatum whole plant (5.19%), D. ovata barks (4.38%) and L.waIIichii barks (1.98%) successively (Figure 1). The maceration method is considered as one of the general techniques of medicinal plant extraction, and ethanol is widely used as a solvent to extract the plant-derived chemicals [24]. Several reports showed the different extracting values of different Cambodian plant extracts [25,26], which is in consistence with our study indicating different percentages of extracting yield. The technique of maceration extraction is commonly used at the drug manufacturing enterprise line [27].

Preliminary Phytochemical Evaluation

The current study indicated that the ethanolic extracts of B. pinnatum whole plant, D. ovata barks, D. fortune rhizomes contained alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, steroids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins and resins, but showed the negative test of essential oils. The ethanolic extract of L. wallichii barks demonstrated the positive tests of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, essential oils, saponins and resins; however, the coumarins and the steroids were not positively tested (Table 1). Phytochemical are secondary metabolites that enable plants to overcome temporary or continuous threats integral to their environment, which is beneficial to the human in term of medical treatment [28]. The plant-derived anticancerous drugs such asetoposide and taxol have been applied for years in the clinical use and play a crucial role in the development of the novel drug entities for human [29]. The medicinal plants contributing towards the ethnomidicine have been broadly screened for their PhytochemicalS including alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroid, terpenoid, flavonoids, phlobatannin and cardic glycoside [30].They are associated with protection from and/or treatment of chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancers, diabetes, and hypertension as well as other medical conditions [31].

Table 1: Phytochemical screening of the ethanolic extracts of B. pinnatum whole plant, D. ovata barks, D. fortune rhizomes and L. wallichii barks.

Note: +ve = Positive (present); -ve = Negative (absent)

DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity

The free radical scavenging activity of the ethanolic extract of different plants was tested by DPPH radical method using Trolox as a positive control. The DPPH assay provides information on the reactivity of the test extracts with a stable free radical giving an absorption band at 550nm [32]. The concentration of B. pinnatum whole plant ranged from 100-1000μg/mL, of D. ovata barks ranged from 2-10μg/mL, of D. fortunei rhizomes ranged from 150-350μg/ mL, and of L.waIIichii barks ranged from 20-60μg/mL. The ethanolic extract of B. pinnatum whole plant inhibited the free radical in dose- dependent manner (R2 = 0.9068) with the inhibition percentage 17.72, 39.69, 65.35, 83.31 and 84.57% at the concentration of 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000μg/mL respectively (Figure 2). The ethanolic extract of D. ovata barks inhibited the free radical in dose- dependent manner (R2=0.9361)with the inhibition percentage 14.23, 32.77, 59.07, 60.35 and 75.06% at the concentration of 2,4,6,8 and 10μg/mL respectively (Figure 3). The ethanolic extract of D. fortunei rhizomes inhibited the free radical in dose-dependent manner (R2 = 0.991)with the inhibition percentage 28.58, 34.6, 44.41, 50.36 and 56.23% at the concentration of 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350μg/mL respectively (Figure 4). The ethanolic extract of L. wallichii barks inhibited the free radical in dose-dependent manner (R2 = 0.9648)with the inhibition percentage 27.41, 53.28, 60.21, 75.53 and 87.32% at the concentration of 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60μg/ mL respectively (Figure 5). The IC50 of the ethanolic extracts of B. pinnatum whole plant,D. ovata barks, D. fortunei rhizomes and L. wallichii barks accounted for 412.45, 6.23, 300.45, and 32.43μg/ mL respectively (Table 2). Several studies reported the free radical scavenging potential of medicinal plant extracts [33-35]. The antioxidant plant drugs play an important role in the prevention and treatment of various disorders, caused by oxidative stress, such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, obesity and neurodegenerative diseases [36].

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Lupine Publishers| Creative Process in the Design and Creation of Textile Manufacture

 Lupine Publishers| Journal of Textile and Fashion Designing

Introduction

Creative process

Man has his creative manifestations through his individual aspirations, thoughts and idealization. The need is a motivating factor that drives the search for knowledge, problem solving and satisfaction, Santis [1]. For Lobach [2] "The conduct of the human being is also driven by multiple and varied needs. The emergence of needs is not always logical, especially when other activities or processes have occasional preference. "Necessity seeks satisfaction; aspiration is the spontaneous will to obtain something that comes from idea or visualization. The aspiration consists in the desire to obtain something that can be reached or not. Needs and aspirations accompany the evolution of technology, information tools and economic development. Lobach [2] states that design consists of a systematized design, plan or method that includes problem solving incorporating ideas, innovation, sketching, samples, models to make concrete the solution found.

Over the centuries, the needs in its evolution have been accompanied by the development of instruments, methods and systems. The constant evolution through research and events show that innovative creativity has played a key role. The development of the human creative process has also been marked by various frustrations, problems in creativity and with innovation; these problems are constantly reported by various scholars. Several researchers and researchers [2] have already been affected by creative inertia, difficulty in exposing ideas, fears, and lack of innovation or even problems that seemed unsolvable. Even so, the creative process has become an important tool for resource development. And the stimulation and organization of the creative process is being studied in theories, techniques and tools such as: Design Thinking, Design Methodology, and Inventive Problem Solving Theory. These are applied for the development of textile products.

Product Development

Ostrower [3] states that the ability to understand, assimilate, configure, and signify is the creative act. Creating is a way of establishing a new relationship between the human mind and the object in order to understand meaning or to redefine (giving a new meaning, a new practice, the ability to perceive an object through a different vision). Already the creative process derives from the structuring of cognition (knowledge of facts), intelligence (human characteristic composed of logical thinking, communication, knowledge, sensibility, problem solving, emotional control, etc.), creation ability (giving meaning to something or something) and innovation (creating something unknown). To meet the new type of consumer coming from social and communication changes, manufacturers seek to align existing needs with functionality and aesthetics by creating values that can be applied to technological fabrics.

Barbará [4] calls the process a set of ordered and integrated actions for a specific productive purpose that at the end of the cycle generate products, services or information. In the process of manufacturing with synthetic fibers began the decade of 30, the developed fibers become part of the manufacture of fabrics and clothing. To give a small notion of what we call fiber, I find it interesting to contextualize the historical beginning, recalling some important facts. In this sense, the textile manufacturing manufacture uses the fibers to compose the yarn, and the woven yarn becomes fabric and various stamping and dyeing techniques. The textile production manufacture is divided into three cores: the yarn manufacturing, the fabric manufacture and the confection. According to Sanches [5] the fiber consists of the smallest element of the composition of the fabric in any natural or manufactured substance that has suitable characteristics that allow its processing. Being, the smallest component of hairy nature, which can be extracted or separated from a tissue.

In wire manufacturing, the breeding process establishes the mixing of the materials for processing. The processing consists of a rational part that modifies the form of a structure or system for the construction of a mixture, an irrational part that is compounded by bringing together psychological, emotional, innovative, creative and personal aspects. This means that the transformation depends on the creative aspects to innovate in the fiber blend. The creation procedure promotes finding strategies that encourage the production of new means of mixing the components, which can motivate, add capacity and add value to the basic and secondary functions of the product or service to generate probabilities of more interactive information in the market, Santis [6]. The set of productive operations or manufacturing should have as main focus of improvement; increase in productivity and also in quality.

On an industrial scale (manufacturing sizing) in the contemporary, the good use of the methodology of the project presents some techniques that promote to encourage the application processes of the project methodology consist of the interaction of tools, resources and manpower converted into energy that perform the connection between procedures and tasks, Santis [1]. The manufacturing of textile the object of study of this research produces knitted fabric, working in the circular knitting industry, among its articles produced we can mention: knitwear for fitness, linings, beach and microfiber. Knitted textile manufactures that also serve as object for this research have a tradition in the Brazilian economy and, considered as one of the great s manufactured in Latin America, consisting of several business units in the country, its most common products made of fabric composed of combinations of polyamide, cotton and elastane (synthetic filament) in circular and straight looms.

Thus, actions constitute a form of processes that are interconnected in a physical or virtual structure, which establishes a set of ordered processes in operations to modify the resources in products. For Agostinho [7]. The fixation of the scripts and manufacturing processes fix the knowledge manufacturing, or how to do it, being considered the pillar of fixation of manufacturing knowledge. Following the scripts and manufacturing processes, it is determined the times required for each operation of the script, consequently of the parts and set of parts that make up the product [8-52].

Finally, the manufacturing and creative processes interrelate in a chain of interdependent functions, considering (external environment) and dependent variables (internal environment). This functional interrelationship facilitates the systematization of the production of goods and services. Each function has a sequential operation flow for the development of an operation from the inflow of resources to the exit of the goods or services. The set of actions in the creative process developed by a sequence of operations establishes the construction of a product, whether it is a consumer good or a service and this facilitates innovation in creative development.

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Lupine Publishers| Trends in Developing Critical Elastic Buckling Formula for Fixed Rectangular Plate Subjected To a Concentrated Load

 Lupine Publishers| Journal of Civil Engineering and its Architecture

    

Abstract

   Lateral buckling analysis of fixed rectangular plates under the lateral concentrated load is an interesting problem. However, there is not a determined equation to calculate the critical elastic buckling strength of such plate. This paper presents the equations of the previous studies by Cheng and Yuan and analyzes the critical buckling strength of the plate calculated by finite element method (FEM). Finally, discussion and suggestion on the trends in developing critical elastic buckling formula for such plate are made.

Short Communication

Rayleigh-Ritz method is commonly used energy method to calculate the elastic buckling strength of a plate Qu [1]. The total potential energy of a structure is π = U + W , where U is the buckling deformation potential energy and W is the external potential energy. The critical buckling strength of a structure can be calculated once . For an end-fixed rectangular plate subjected to a concentrated load, the mechanical diagram is shown in (Figure 1). The buckling deformation potential energy of the plate can be determined as:

Figure 1: Mechanical diagram of the plate.

Where D = Et³ /12(1 -μ²) is the buckling stiffness of the plate; E and t is the elastic modulus and the thickness of the plate, respectively; n is Poisson's ratio of the material used for the plate. ρ is the buckling deformation function, and ω_xx,ω_xy,ω_yy are the partial derivatives of the buckling deformation function.

The external potential energy of the plate can be calculated by:

Where q is the lateral concentrated load and Δ_x (y) is the out- of-plane displacement of the plate caused by the buckling of the plate. It can be found that the critical buckling strength of the plate is determined by buckling deformation function. Therefore, it is important to assume a feasible buckling deformation function for the analyzing plate. Cheng [2,3] proposed the buckling deformation function as:

Yuan [4] modified the buckling deformation function of Cheng (1988), and given it as:

Where f₁ and f₂ are unknown variables to describe the various types of the buckling deformation function, thus the critical one could be found in these functions. Through case studies conducted by Yuan [4], the critical results calculated by Eq. (4) were lower than the results calculated by Eq. (3). Thus it was concluded by Yuan [4] that the Eq. (4) was more accurate for determining the critical buckling strength of the plate. However, Yuan [4] proposed another buckling deformation function as:

With developing of the computer-aided calculating method such as finite element method (FEM), the buckling modes of the analyzed plate can be depicted more visually. In this paper, the FEM model for the analyzed plate is generated by the FEM software ANSYS 12.0. A target plate is selected with a constant value of 2.7 m in height, and the elastic modulus of the plate is 206 GPa. The width of the plate is changing from 1.35 m to 3.6 m, and three cases with height-to-width ratio 2.0, 1.5 and 0.75 are analyzed. The thickness of the plate is 10 mm, 12 mm and 14 mm. Eigen value buckling analysis of these FEM models is conducted by Block Lanczos method. The first 5 orders of the buckling modes of these plates are generated, and the cases of α=2.0, α=1.5 and α=0.75 with 10 mm in thickness are depicted from (Figures 2-4). The critical strength of these plates for which calculated by FEM are shown in (Figure 5).

Figure 2: Buckling mode of the plate with ɑ=2.0.

Figure 3: Buckling mode of the plate with ɑ=1.5.

Figure 4: Buckling mode of the plate with ɑ=0.75 and t=10 mm.

Figure 5: Relationship between the critical strength and of and the � Jiang et al. [3].

Discussion and Suggestion

As shown in (Figures 2-4), it can be found that the consequence of the buckling modes is moved by changing the height-to-width ratio of the plate. High-order buckling mode may be occurred in the plate with lower height-to-width ratio. According to the studies conducted by Cheng and Yuan, only two variables were in their equations, and the cosine function and polynomial function were used to describe the buckling modes of the analyzed plates. However, two variables might not be used to present the high-order buckling mode of half-waves more than three. Such functions limit more degree of freedom (DOF) of the plate, and the critical buckling strength calculated from such functions is larger than the correct value.

Thus this paper suggests the buckling deformation function as follow:

Such function should be following the boundary conditions of the plate, and they are:

The Eq. (6) combines the double series function derived by Navy, and the single series function derived by Levy, and aims to find the most proximal buckling deformation function for the critical buckling mode of such plate.

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Lupine Publishers | Does there is Relevancy between Falooda Ice Cream loving and Urine Nitrites?

 Lupine Publishers | Journal of Immunology & Infectious Diseases

Abstract

Naturally source of nitrites are vegetables like cabbage, spinach and vegetables, it is form of nitrogen. High levels of nitrites in urine is sign of urinary tract infection. Some bacteria are responsible for urinary tract infection such as proteus and klebsiella, but doctor also prescribed some antibiotics against bacteria. Women are more suffering in urine tract infection than men. Positive test for nitrites is called nitrituria. For measuring the levels of nitrites in urine urinalysis is done. Falooda ice cream looking beautiful with different layers that make it healthy drink but a few of people try to avoid by eating it because it contains high levels of sugar.

Keywords: Nitrites; E. Coli; Antibiotics; Urethra; Diabetes; Urinary tract infection

Introduction

Nitrites is form of nitrogen, which contains two oxygen atoms. Nitrites is naturally found in vegetables like cabbage, celery, carrot and spinach. The presence of nitrites in urine may be harmful mean sign of urinary tract infection. The presence of nitrites in urine is due to bacterial infection in urinary tract. Urinary tract infection can occur in urethra, kidneys, ureters and bladder. Some bacteria have ability to convert the nitrates into nitrites due to presence of specific enzyme. The presence of nitrites in urine can be diagnosed with urinalysis test. The bacteria that are responsible for urinary tract infection, proteus, klebsiella, pseudomonas. But most common bacteria are E. coli in which urease enzyme is present that acidifies the urine. The symptoms of urinary tract infection include blood in urine, cloudy urine, strong smelling urine and burning with urination. Urinary tract infection is most common in pregnant women and may be dangerous. Urinary tract infection can cause premature delivery, headache, abdominal pain and high blood pressure in pregnant women if left untreated. If test for the nitrites in urine is positive it is called nitrituria. While negative nitrites test happens with dilute urine or low colony forming unit. A urinary tract infection is most common in women aged 20 to 50 years than man. There are many ways that one can prevents from nitrites in urine or urinary tract infection. Such as by drinking plenty of water bacteria can be flash out that is present in urinary system. Cranberry juice and apple cider vinegar also treat the urinary tract infection. Doctor also prescribed some medication for the treatment of nitrites in urine. Doctor prescribed antibiotics on the basis of what kind of bacteria cause infection. Patient should also take enough sleep and adopt personal hygiene. There are many drinks and foods that keep the body cool and fresh, similarly falooda ice cream is one of the most popular drink that sweet in taste and delicious. Falooda ice cream is a rich source of energy, one glass contains 218 calories. This is sweet dish that served to the people during hot days. This is made in tall glass which give beautiful appearance. The main ingredients of falooda ice cream sabja or basil seeds and semeia that is good for skin and hair have cooling properties. Other ingredients that are present in it like cream, milk, falooda, rooh afza and sugar. Sabja seeds help in weight loss and lowering the high blood pressure. Falooda ice cream has many health benefits, it provides energy to the body, keep body cool during hot days. There are many flavours of falooda ice cream like rabdi, rose syrup, royal, and kesar. People can make it at home easily. First, soaked basil seeds, dry them also soaked semeia seeds, boiled milk. Put them into blender and blend them. Then pour into tall glass add dry fruits, falooda, Almonds, ice cream and rooh afza and served it. If you want energy, then drink cold and sweet falooda ice cream because it contains vitamin and minerals due to presence of dairy products. People should drink or eat it 3 to 4 times per day. But patients of diabetes should avoid it because it contains too much glucose or sugar and cause heart disease and diabetes. The objective of present study was to correlate the falooda ice cream with urine nitrites [1,2].

Materials and Methods

For measuring the levels of nitrites in urine urinalysis is done. First of all, person will need an empty and clean plastic container so that filled it with fresh sample of urine. A strip and gloves are also required. By wearing the gloves dipped the new strip into container and stirred it into urine sample for 2 seconds. The colour of strip will change than before as it will dip into container. Draw out strip from the sample so that measured the levels of nitrites into urine. In the last discard the gloves, strip and container [3-6].

Project Design

There were 100 subjects who completed this survey, but main goal of this survey was asked to the students of Baha Uddin Zakariya university about falooda ice cream loving. Mostly students said that by eating falooda ice cream one can prevent from the hypertension and get too much energy. But the subjects who disagreed it said, that falooda ice cream lead to obesity and cardiovascular diseases (Table 1) [7].

Table 1: Relation between falooda ice cream and urine nitrites to the people that love falooda ice cream.

Table 2: Relation between falooda ice cream and urine nitrites to the people that do not love falooda ice cream.

This table shows males that have negative value of nitrites in their urine are 27% which are falooda ice cream loving and those who have positive value of nitrites are 13 % which are also falooda ice cream lover. Similarly, females having negative value are 22% and females with positive value are 8% which like the falooda ice cream. About the opinions of these males and female’s preparation of falooda ice cream is very easy and not cost expensive dish having many ingredients that prevent us from different diseases (Table 2).

This table shows that males with negative values are 17% and with positive values are only 4 % All of these males are not loving the falooda ice cream. Similarly, females having negative values are 6 %which are not like falooda ice cream. While females having positive value of nitrites in their urine are just 3% which are not loving falooda ice cream [8-10].

Conclusion

This was concluded that there is no relevancy between urine nitrites and falooda ice cream loving.

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Lupine Publishers | Clinical Evaluation of Herbal Active Enriched Shampoo in Anti Dandruff Treatment

 Lupine Publishers | Journal of Respiratory & Skin Diseases

Abstract

The human scalp is susceptible to microbial build-up if not thoroughly and frequently washed with the appropriate cleansing agents such as shampoos. Natural oils are presented in our scalp and it called as a sebum and it is a fuel/food for the dandruff-causing microbe. Malassezia feeds off these oils, breaking it down into by products, including oleic acid; formation of oleic acid is a starting/ kick point of dandruff. Approximately 50% people in the world sensitive to the oleic acid and affected by the dandruff. Overall clinical study results revealed that usage of tested anti-dandruff shampoo is effective and significantly reduce the dandruff fungi in scalp. Efficacy was analyzed with changes in the intensity of hair fall over 6 weeks from baseline to treatment visits using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The average response of Visual Analogue Scale for visit1 and visit 5 was 6.287 and 0.350 respectively. The average response/changes of Visual Analogue Scale score for Visit1 is 100.00 and Visit 2 having the score of 74.360; Visit 3 having the 47.924, Visit 4 having the score of 19.453 and Visit 5 was having the score of 5.567. It is concluded that there is statistically significant difference between the average response of Visual Analogue Score (VAS) between Visit 1 and Visit 5 which is indicative of remarkable improvement of dandruff over a period of 6 weeks. The tea tree oil in the formula act as a carrier to carry the actives in to the deeper part of the scalp; synergistic combination of natural and synthetic chemicals helps to control the dandruff. Overall study confirmed that the synergistic combination of synthetic anti-dandruff and natural ingredients plays a crucial role in control the anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory and local immune stimulatory actions.

Keywords: Dandruff; Lemon oil; Tea tree oil; Rosemary oil; Climbazole

Introduction

Dandruff is actually caused by a microbes and it is a 100% natural and called namely as a Malassezia. Malassezia is a monophyletic genus of fungi and found all warm-blooded mammals and humans and it contributed dandruff, atopic eczema/ dermatitis, pityriasis, versicolor, seborrheic dermatitis and folliculitis etc. The root cause of dandruff is the single-celled microbe Malassezia globosa, which exists on everyone's scalp. Around 50% of people's bodies have a negative reaction to the presence of this fungus, causing dandruff. Natural oils are presented in our scalp and it called as a sebum and it is a fuel/food for the dandruff-causing microbe. Malassezia feeds off these oils, breaking it down into by products, including oleic acid; formation of oleic acid is a starting/kick point of dandruff. Approximately 50% people in the world sensitive to the oleic acid and affected by the dandruff. The body reacts to the presence of oleic acid by increasing the speed at which your skin cells renew. It's an attempt to 'shed' the irritant and is the mechanism that causes flakes. There's more to the body's response to Malasseiza and oleic acid than just flaking. Dandruff causes the itchy scalp, dry scalp, inflammation, a red scalp etc. Shampoo is the best remedy to recover from the hair from dandruff. Antidandruff shampoo is a completed formula, because it containing combination of surfactant, conditioners, hair softeners and anti dandruff agents. PH of the products, solubility of actives, and deposition of actives are playing a crucial role in anti dandruff shampoo. Varieties of antidandruff agents are used widely in various antidandruff preparations such as climbazole, zinc pyrithione, octopirox, ketoconazole, selenium sulphide, coal tar etc. Among these, climbazole is one of the most popular anti dandruff agent and it is an imidazole anti fungal activity and very safe as per European Cosmetic regulatory norms. Now a day's many researchers proved that the herbal/natural/ ayurvedic materials also control the anti dandruff and many natural products having the potential against the cure against the Malassezia fungi. Shruthi [1] exclusively studied that effect of rice-water in reducing the growth of dandruff-causing fungi. Many scientists found that anti fungal activity of neem [2,3]; similarly the effects of lemon on anti fungal activity was explored by Glinksy and Avraham Raz [4-6] exclusively studied the various natural remedies against the dandruff fungi. Present study aimed to generate the authentic document about the synergistic combination of synthetic and herbal materials against the dandruff caused fungi [7-9]. Here, we investigated the effectiveness of a natural approach of dandruff shampoo for dandruff suffering people. So we have aimed to generate the authentic documents about the safety and efficacy of dandruff control shampoo performance on patients suffering from the dandruff issues. Many researchers found that Mentha piperita oil having the instant relief potential from dandruff and also having the less/minimal side effects and potential exclusively studied.

Materials and Methods

Main objective of the study was to estimate the clinical efficacy and safety assessment of herbal actives dandruff shampoo for the management of dandruff treatment.

Sample Preparation

Tested anti dandruff shampoo formula and method of preparation summarized in the Table 1. Prepared shampoo with fortified with Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf oil; Citrus limonum (lemon) oil; Melaleuca (tea tree) oil; Mentha piperita (Peppermint oil) along with base synthetic antidandruff ingredients like Climbazole and Triclosan for effective control anti dandruff.

Table 1:

Study Design

Study was multicenter, open, single arm and proof of concepts clinical study with no control groups' method and conducted by STANDEV Research Private Limited, Mumbai, India. The study protocol, case report forms, product information and informed consent forms were approved by the local ethical committee. Entire clinical trial was initiated only after the approval of the protocol and a model informed consent form (ICF) from the concerned Ethics Committee. A total of 60 patients, who were diagnosed as suffering from moderate to severe form of dandruff, and who were willing to give informed written consent were included in the study. Patients of either sex in the age group varied between 18 and 65 years.

Screening/pretreatment procedures include medical history, physical examination and vital signs. The subjects, who met the selection criteria, were allotted subject numbers in ascending order to receive study formulation Dandruff Guard Shampoo. Investigational Product was administered as local application for 6 weeks. Assessment for clinical signs and symptoms, vitals and adverse Events were done at every follow up visit, on Day 7+1, and Day 14+1, Day 28+1and Day 42+1 post treatment. All the patients were advised to apply about the 10mL of the investigated product locally applied on the scalp and hair three times in a week for a period of six weeks. Subjects were given a weekly questionnaire to determine qualitatively the status of their dandruff control as well as the presence of side effects.

Selection of Study Population

Inclusion Criteri

a. Patients willing & able to provide signed informed consent prior to any study related to procedure

b. Patients of either sex in the age group between 18 to 65 years both inclusive.

c. Patients suffering from dandruff of scalp of various severities

d. Patients who in the opinion of the Investigator were able to comply with the study requirements.

e. Patients who committed not to use medicated/non medicated shampoos/soaps (including soaps containing antibacterial/antifungal agents) or any other antidandruff treatment/hair products (including prescription and nonprescription medications such as hair oil, conditioners) for the entire duration of the study.

Exclusion Criteria

a. History of systemic or coetaneous malignanc

b. Nevi or cutaneous lesions currently.

c. Advanced or poorly controlled diabetes.

d. Patients with known hypersensitivity to ingredients of Investigational Product.

e. Patients who underwent hair procedures within the past 2 weeks or during the study

f. Patients with H/O Myocardial Infarction (MI) within 4 weeks prior to enrollment.

g. Patients with immediate life threatening diseases such as pre-existing cardiovascular, liver or neoplastic disease.

h. Patients undergoing treatment for immunocompromised conditions/psychiatric illness.

i. Patients with history of alcohol or drug abuse.

j. Patients participating in any other clinical trial.

k. Pregnant or lactating females.

l. Any other condition due to which patients are deemed to be unsuitable by the Investigator for reason (s) not specifically stated in the exclusion criteria.

m. Any psychiatric illness which may impair the ability to provide written informed consent.

Primarily changes from baseline (visit 1) to day 7 (visit 2), day 14 (visit 3), day 28 (visit 4) and day 42 (visit 5) were used to assess efficacy on the basis of Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Global Assessments (Investigators and Patient). Safety of subjects included evaluation of adverse events (AEs) throughout the study. Vitals were recorded at each visit during the study.

Statistical Analysis

Treated group results were compared with the control group. The results were analyzed statistically using Student's t-test to identify the differences between the treated and control. Base line value compared with various analyzed interval using the 'Repeated Measures ANOVA Test'. The minimum level of significance was fixed at 99% confidence limit and a 2-sided p value of <0.05 was considered as significant.

Results

Overall clinical study results revealed that usage of tested antidandruff shampoo is effective and significantly reduce the dandruff fungi in scalp. Efficacy was analyzed with changes in the intensity of hair fall over 6 weeks from baseline to treatment visits using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The average response of Visual Analogue Scale for visit1 and visit 5 was 6.287 and 0.350 respectively. The 95% confidence interval for the difference of Visual Analogue Scale between the visit1 and visit 5 was (5.2974, 6.5759) and the corresponding p-value was <.0001which is less than the alpha level 0.05.

The average response/changes of Visual Analogue Scale score for Visit1 is 100.00 and Visit 2 having the score of 74.360; Visit 3 having the 47.924, Visit 4 having the score of 19.453 and Visit 5 was having the score of 5.567 and the detailed average change of dandruff summarized in Figure 1. It is concluded that there is statistically significant difference between the average response of Visual Analogue Score (VAS) between Visit 1 and Visit 5 which is indicative of remarkable improvement of dandruff over a period of 6 weeks. Overall study confirmed that the synergistic combination of synthetic anti-dandruff and natural ingredients plays a crucial role in control the anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory and local immune stimulatory actions. Patients/subjects were asked to evaluate the presence of adverse effects of tested anti-dandruff shampoo treatment. There were no clinically significant adverse reactions, either reported or observed, during the entire study period and overall compliance to the treatment was excellent.

Figure 1: Average change in Dandruff as per Visual Analogue Scale (VAS).

Discussion

Dandruff, which is visible desquamation of scalp and it caused by Malassezia. Malassezia fungi. It caused by multiple host factors like humidity, improper clean, seasonal and emotional stress. Dandruff may be control in the summer period; in general UV rays are control the Malassezia. Malassezia [10,11] and aggravated in winter period. Pityrosporum ovale appears to play an important role in the pathogenesis of dandruff as a symptom of seborrheic dermatitis. Climbazole is an antimycotic agent with a high in vitro and in vivo efficacy against P. ovale [11]. Many scientists proved that climbazole control the dandruff and it is safe to use in the shampoo format and it will not affects the product stability during the shelf life [13]. Peppermint oil is obtained from the leaves of the perennial herb, Mentha piperita L. and the oil gives cooling effect on your head and helps in removing the dandruff and lice [14]. Because in contains the menthol, selenium and zinc, these are all proven the anti flake ingredients. Melaleuca (tea tree) oil is an anti septic and it is penetrate into the top layers of the scalp and carry their disinfectant activities deeper than most emollients. The tea tree oil in the formula act as a carrier to carry the actives in to the deeper

Conclusion

Application/usage of herbal enriched shampoo is a safe and effective in terms of dandruff control. Overall study confirmed that the synergistic combination of synthetic anti-dandruff and natural ingredients plays a crucial role in control the anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory and local immune stimulatory actions. It helps to control the dandruff by continuous application of 6 weeks.

Acknowledgement

The researchers thank Mr. Kirshna Kumar Chutani, CEO and Mr. Jude Linhares-Head of operation for their constant encouragement and support for the study.

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