Contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) is a common cause of hospital
acquired acute kidney injury (AKI) and associated with
adverse clinical outcomes. There is still debate regarding the exact
definition, which has greatly influenced the reported incidence
of CIN in literature. Recent studies have challenged the universal
concern regarding risk of CIN in general population. It is found to
occur more commonly after intra-arterial (IA) administration of contrast
as in interventional cardiology and vascular procedures
especially in patients with multiple comorbidities and underlying renal
impairment. Recent studies report negligible risk after
intravenous (IV) contrast administration for modern diagnostic
radiological examinations. Since it is a potentially preventable
clinical condition, it is imperative for health care professional to be
well aware of this entity. All patients undergoing iodinated
contrast exposure should be risk stratified and preventive measures
should be employed in high risk population. This paper will
review the epidemiology, controversies regarding definition,
pathophysiology, risk stratification, iodinated contrast commonly used
in practice and preventive strategies.
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