Diagnosis of Phytophthora in Soil Samples byPolymerase Chain Reaction by Current Investigations in Agriculture and Current Research (CIACR) in Lupine Publishers
Phytophthora infestans is the most notorious causing Late blight of
potato and tomato, globally. The word Phytophthora is derived from the
Greek word: Phyto = plant, phthora = destroyer. Potato is a native of
the North Andes (South America) and the late blight of potato was
initially an endemic disease but in the mid1800s, late blight caused
wide spread crop failures throughout the Northern Europe including
Ireland where it was responsible for the Irish famine [1]. The genus
Phytophthora represents a large group of plant pathogenic fungi
responsible for crop losses in temperate and tropical climate [2]. Many
species of Phytophthora are soil borne pathogens and spread through the
movement of infested soil, or by water flow through infested soil [3]. A
key element in the management of such diseases is the ability to detect
the pathogen in soil and water. However, DNA extracted from soil
contains substances such as humic acids, lignins, carbohydrates, resins,
and so on which are very inhibitory to PCR amplification [4,5]. The
amounts of inhibitory substances will vary widely with soil type,
vegetation type, and composition of the soil micro flora. As the micro
flora varies even over small distances (1 m scale) [6], the efficiency
of PCR amplification is likely to vary widely even over small distances.
It is therefore critical that an internal standard is used for PCR
analysis of soil samples [7]. Recorded positive detection of P.
infestans for up to twelve months from soil in which infested leaf
tissue had been buried and for up to 24 months from soil containing leaf
tissue infected with both mating types.
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